These views are first set out in the preface he wrote to John Florios translation of an account of Jacques Cartiers voyage to Canada, which he induced Florio to undertake, and are further developed in his first important work, Divers Voyages Touching the Discouerie of America (1582). His books encouraged those living in England to begin to prepare to settle in North America and found colonies that later become the basis for the future United States. ?died Nov. 23, 1616, England), British geographer. His published collections of documents relating to early English explorations are regarded among the "great books" of American history for their stimulation of interest in New World colonization. The process transformed the diets, economies, and cultures of both continents. by, Hakluyt's dedication to Sir Francis Walsingham of the work, There does not appear to be any monument to Hakluyt either in, The Galileo Project errs in identifying Hakluyt's first publication as, At Hakluyt's recommendation, the work was translated into English by, According to Jones's introduction to Hakluyt's, David Harris Sacks, "Richard Hakluyt's Navigations in Time: History, Epic, and Empire,", The exact date of the translation is unknown; all that can be said is that it must have been prepared between the publication of Grotius' book in 1609 and Hakluyt's death in 1616: see David Armitage, "Introduction", in. This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Coote, Charles Henry; Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). He also mentioned that ''this enterprise will be for the manifold employment of numbers of idle men'', which would bring great relief to those who without work. He was fascinated by voyages being made to far-off lands. Richard Hakluyt. That the Queen of England title to all the west Indies, or at the least to as much as is from Florida to the Circle arctic, is more lawful and right then the Spaniards or any other Christian Princes. His were language and geography. pp. They'd also need to provide for the numerous unemployed who filled the streets of cities such as London. As such, his version of colonization simply includes settling on the shores of a selected nation and exploiting any resources required by England. Hakluyt dedicated to Cecil the second (1599) and third volumes (1600) of the expanded edition of Principal Navigations and also his edition of Galvo's Discoveries (1601). That by these Colonies the Northwest passage to Cathay and China may easily quickly and perfectly be searched out as well by river and overland, as by sea, for proof whereof here are quoted and alleged diverse rare Testimonies out of the three volumes of voyages gathered by Ramusius and other grave authors. He received his Bachelor of Arts in 1574, followed by a Master of Arts in 1577. In 1589 he published the first edition of his chief work, The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation, using eyewitness accounts as far as possible. Both of his parents died when he was quite young, leaving Richard and his siblings in the care of an older cousin. He graduated with a master's degree in 1577, and remained in Oxford as a lecturer. That by these Colonies the Northwest passage to Cathay and China may easily quickly and perfectly be searched out as well by river and overland, as by sea, for proof whereof here are quoted and alleged diverse rare Testimonies out of the three volumes of voyages gathered by Ramusius and other grave authors. . Richard Hakluyt used this document to persuade Queen Elizabeth I to devote more money and energy into encouraging English colonization. While in France he was able to expand his knowledge of foreign places which inspired him to write and publish books on the subject to encourage colonization. Richard Hakluyt used this document to persuade Queen Elizabeth I to devote more money and energy into encouraging English colonization. In twenty-one chapters, summarized here, Hakluyt emphasized the many benefits that England would receive by creating colonies in the Americas. Richard Hakluyt used this document to persuade Queen Elizabeth I to devote more money and energy into encouraging English colonization. This period included also the voyages of Christopher Columbus that opened the way for discovery and brought the 'Old' and 'New' Worlds into contact with each other. Until after the death of his wife in 1597, little is heard of any geographical work, but he then completed the greatly enlarged second edition of the Voyages, which appeared in three volumes between 1598 and 1600. The conception of race depicted by Hakluyt emanates from specific circumstances, including the institution of slavery, among other historical parameters. The latter term encompasses paganism, Judaism, and Islam. This will also enable England to suppress her enemies, improve military force, take advantage of prevailing weaknesses in other economies, and optimally exploit resources. It is evident that religion can be used to colonize the native people by championing the ideals of peace and God while exploiting resources at the same time. Hakluyt the Elder was a supporter of English participation in the exploration of America. [14] A number of his manuscripts, sufficient to form a fourth volume of his collections of 15981600, fell into the hands of Samuel Purchas, who inserted them in an abridged form in his Pilgrimes (16251626). A clergyman, he gave public lectures and became the first professor of modern geography at the University of Oxford. The most comprehensive portrait yet of Richard Hakluyt, indefatigable promoter of English colonization in America Richard Hakluyt the younger, a contemporary of William Shakespeare, advocated the creation of English colonies in the New World at a time when the advantages of this idea were far from self-evident. IvyPanda. He also translated numerous works on the subject into English. I feel like its a lifeline. He thus embarked upon his career as a publicist and a counsellor for present and future national enterprises across the ocean. His policy, constantly expounded, was the exploration of temperate North America in conjunction with the search for the Northwest Passage, the establishment of Englands claim to possession based on the discovery of North America by John and Sebastian Cabot, and the foundation of a plantation to foster national trade and national well-being. ensure the integrity of our platform while keeping your private information safe. Indigenous people are also portrayed as laborers who are supposed to produce goods and act as fighters against enemies of England. How does Hakluyt justify British claims to territorial possession in the Western Hemisphere? The displacement of catholic Spain in the colonial race and substituting it with Protestant England is of critical importance. He has recently obtained a PhD in contemporary European history. In this he also pleaded for the establishment of a lectureship in navigation. Hakluyt was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. Sometimes reading about a foreign lands makes us yearn to know more about it. Nor did his belief in the possibility of Arctic passages to the East fade, for he was also a charter member of the Northwest Passage Company of 1612. That this western voyage will yield unto us all the commodities of Europe, Africa, and Asia, as far as we were wont to travel, and supply the wants of all our decayed trades. His interest in geography and travel had been aroused on a visit to the Middle Temple, one of the four English legal societies, while in his early teens. Under the reference "Bib. In spirit, it was a continuation of Hakluyts own work, and the two editors probably became acquainted. Its overriding purpose was to stimulate, guide, and encourage an undertaking of incalculable national import. Hakluyt understood that in order for England to be successful and remain powerful, they would need to find new markets in which to trade goods. Richard Hakluyt makes the case for English colonization, 1584 Richard Hakluyt used this document to persuade Queen Elizabeth I to devote more money and energy into encouraging English colonization. He is known for promoting the English colonization of North America through his works, notably Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582) and The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation (15891600). 4. That speedy planting in diverse fit places is most necessary upon these lucky western discoveries for fear of the danger of being prevented by other nations which have the like intentions, with the order thereof and other reasons therewithal alleged. Unfortunately, his wealth was squandered by his only son. That this action will be greatly for the increase, maintenance and safety of our Navy, and especially of great shipping which is the strength of our Realm, and for the supportation of all those occupations that depend upon the same. Knowing so many languages helped him to read all types of works that recorded the adventures of travelers. (2021, April 8). Hugo Grotius, Richard Hakluyt (trans. Richard Hakluyt, (born c. 1552, London, Eng. Between 1583 and 1588 he was chaplain and secretary to Sir Edward Stafford, English ambassador at the French court. Hakluyt was born in a wealthy merchant family, his father was a skin and fur trader in 1552 in London. Copyright 2023 - IvyPanda is operated by, English Colonization of America in Hakluyts View, Period of the Indians Discovery by Christopher Columbus, Irish in Hakluyt's "Discourse of Western Planting". Author and geographer Richard Hakluyt decided to write about the Americas as encouragement for others to learn about them. . To begin with, the interest of Britain to colonize the Western Hemisphere is a major national goal. A particular discourse concerning the great necessity and manifold commodities that are like to grow to this Realm of England by the Western discoveries lately attempted, Written In the year 1584 by Richard Hakluyt of Oxford at the request and direction of the right worshipful Mr. Walter Raleigh now Knight, before the coming home of his Two Barks: and is divided into xxi chapters, the Titles whereof follow in the next leaf. Of chief concern would be for ''the . 1) Rich soil 2) ease of travel 3)Increase Navel Power (build more ships)-larger ships the better 4)make their Navy so strong In his publications, Hakluyt mentioned such reasons for the English colonization of America as: Richard Hakluyt (1552?1616) was an English geographer and minister. Some time before 1580 he took holy orders, and, though he never shirked his religious duties, he spent considerable time reading whatever accounts he could find about contemporary voyages and discoveries. He regards the native people as resources which England can use to serve her self-interest. He cites that it will provide more room for English citizens to expand and move to colonized areas, trade and regulate trade with other nations. "[11] Entering Christ Church, Oxford,[12] in 1570 with financial support from the Skinners' Company,[10] "his exercises of duty first performed,"[11] he set out to read all the printed or written voyages and discoveries that he could find. Hakluyt is a firm believer of colonization owing to the nationalistic, social, and economic benefits it might bring to England. He supported English colonization for the better part of his life, at least from 1580 until his death. Hakluyt was concerned with the activities of Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Martin Frobisher, who were both searching for a passage to the East; was consulting Abraham Ortelius, compiler of the worlds first atlas, and Gerardus Mercator, the Flemish mapmaker, on cosmographical problems; and was gaining approval for future overseas exploration from such politically prominent men as Lord Burghley, Sir Francis Walsingham, and Sir Robert Cecil. But it is the Voyages that remains his memorial. on 27 June 1577,[5][10] began giving public lectures in geography. Richard Hakluyt. [10] In May 1585 when Hakluyt was in Paris with the English Embassy, the Queen granted to him the next prebendary at Bristol Cathedral that should become vacant,[5][15] to which he was admitted in 1585 or 1586 and held with other preferments till his death. He made a point of becoming acquainted with the most important sea captains, merchants, and sailors of England. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. What does the evidence from the text suggest about Hakluyts conception of race? In the dedication of the second volume (1599) to his patron, Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, Hakluyt strongly urged the minister as to the expediency of colonising Virginia. professional specifically for you? . He also published numerous geographical works describing North America and early English exploration of the New World. An ordained priest, Hakluyt held important positions at Bristol Cathedral and Westminster Abbey and was personal chaplain to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, principal Secretary of State to Elizabeth I and James I. As Hakluyt points out, the desire for peace, change, stability, and economic wellness of England is the driving force for robust territorial possession. Colonization has been considered as a means through which other nations control and use native people to serve their interests. [23] However, it is not clear why Hakluyt's translation was not published in his lifetime. What is the importance of Richard Hakluyt to the history of early English colonization then? Hakluyt's friend Alexander Woodson had sent the foot-and-half-long tusk to Hakluyt from his home in Bristol, about one hundred miles west of London. English Deutsch Franais Espaol Portugus Italiano Romn Nederlands Latina Dansk Svenska Norsk Magyar Bahasa Indonesia Trke Suomi Latvian Lithuanian esk . That the Spaniards have executed most outrageous and more than Turkish cruelties in all the west Indies, whereby they are everywhere there, become most odious unto them, who would join with us or any other most willingly to shake of their most intolerable yoke, and have begun to do it already in diverse places where they were Lords heretofore. The pension would have lapsed in 1583, but William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, intervened to have it extended until 1586 to aid Hakluyt's geographical research.[10]. Though Hakluyt neglected to mention its origin, the . Means to keep this enterprise from overthrow and the enterprisers from shame and dishonor. He also became a minister in the Church of England. At the age of 30, being acquainted with "the chiefest captaines at sea, the greatest merchants, and the best mariners of our nation,"[11] he was selected as chaplain and secretary to accompany Stafford, now English ambassador at the French court, to Paris in 1583. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Hakluyt was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford. Hakluyt revisited England in 1584, and laid a copy of the Discourse before Elizabeth I (to whom it had been dedicated) together with his analysis in Latin of Aristotle's Politicks. His medieval polemic concern becomes clearer when he mentions non-Christians who need to be defeated. Learn about the English scholar Richard Hakluyt and his reasons for colonization and exploration. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Hakluyt served in Paris also as a kind of intelligence officer, collecting information on the fur trade of Canada and on overseas enterprises from French and exiled Portuguese pilots. natural reason.15 The elder Richard Hakluyt was the first of a long series 15 Sir George Peckham, A true reporte, of . His objective was to recommend the enterprise of establishing English plantations in the unsettled [by Europeans] region of North America, and thus gain the Queen's support for Raleigh's expedition. In support of Walter Raleighs colonizing project in Virginia, he prepared a report, known briefly as Discourse of Western Planting (written in 1584), which set out very forcefully the political and economic benefits from such a colony and the necessity for state financial support of the project. "English Colonization of America in Hakluyt's View." To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create an account to start this course today. Richard Hakluyt was probably born in London, England, in 1553. Grotius also argued that the seas should be freely navigable by all, which was useful since the England to Virginia route crossed seas which the Portuguese claimed. Hakluyt's cousin, also named Richard Hakluyt, of the Middle Temple, became his guardian. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Richard Hakluyt, A Discourse Concerning Western Planting, Written in the Year 1584, Charles Deane, ed. The possibility of the enlarging of the dominions of the Queens Most Excellent Majesty, and consequently of her honour, revenues, and of her power by this enterprise. Cecil, who was the principal Secretary of State to Elizabeth I and James I, rewarded him by installing him as prebendary of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster on 4 May 1602. Missions became the engine of colonization in North America. A brief collection of certain reasons to induce her Majestie and the state to take in hand the western voyage and the planting there. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [10] These religious occupations have occasioned reconsideration of the role played by spiritual concerns in Hakluyt's writings on exploration, settlement, and England's relations with its Catholic rivals. [24], In 1591, Hakluyt inherited family property upon the death of his elder brother Thomas; a year later, upon the death of his youngest brother Edmund, he inherited additional property which derived from his uncle. [29], Hakluyt is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his writings. However, the risk was great for everyone involved and in the case of England, encouragement was needed. He taught geography, which was his favorite subject. In 1606 he appears as the chief promoter of the petition to James I for letters patent to colonise Virginia, which were granted on 10 April 1606. If you are the copyright owner of this paper and no longer wish to have your work published on IvyPanda. He attempted to convince Elizabeth I, who was the Queen of England at the time, to fund colonizing efforts with a treatise entitled Discourse on Western Planting. You can use them for inspiration, an insight into a particular topic, a handy source of reference, or even just as a template of a certain type of paper. [28] Others, consisting chiefly of notes gathered from contemporary authors, are preserved at the University of Oxford. How did Richard Hakluyt contribute to English history? With the help of various scholarships, Hakluyt was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, entering in 1570 and taking his M.A. While in Oxford, Hakluyt worked with foremost geographers such as Abraham Ortelius and Gerardus Mercator. That this action will be greatly for the increase, maintenance and safety of our Navy, and especially of great shipping which is the strength of our Realm, and for the supportation of all those occupations that depend upon the same. It will also propel the opening of new markets. In Hakluyt's argument for colonization, religious considerations are entwined with political and economic ones. Besides, the occupation of key ports will enhance commercial activities since England will charge duties and control high-traffic regions. This work was intended to encourage the young colony of Virginia; Scottish historian William Robertson wrote of Hakluyt, "England is more indebted for its American possessions than to any man of that age. That this western discoverie will be greatly for the enlargement of the gospel of Christ whereunto the Princes of the reformed religion are chiefly bound amongst whom her Majestie is principally. Though he never personally took part in any expeditions, Richard Hakluyt greatly advanced the cause of English exploration in North America.One of England's first geographers, he collected and disseminated information, and promoted the colonization efforts of Sir Walter Raleigh (1554-1618) and others. Westminster School named a house after him as recognition of achievement of an Old Westminster. Without his urging, the English might have been content to rest in their foggy off-shore island while the Spaniards and Portuguese divided the world between them. The latter will, in turn, reinvigorate industrial growth and the creation of new job opportunities.
