Reasons for self-citation include: the cumulative nature of individual research, the need for personal gratification, or the value of self-citation as a rhetorical and tactical tool in the struggle for visibility and scientific authority (Fowler and Aksnes 2007). (1998). For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. Core elements in the process of citing publications: Conceptual overview of the literature. Frontiers in Physics, 4, article number 49. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2016.00049. Meadows, A. J., & OConnor, J. G. (1971). The same data are shown as a linear plot and a log plot. Space Science has an exceptional level of self-referencing, which is presumably also a consequence of the nature of research in that area. Arxiv preprint. It appears to reflect the typical cultural self-citation behaviour in a field. Finally, attention must be paid to the presence of co-authors on publications that have self-citation rates significantly above expectations. Sugimoto, C. R., & Larivire, V. (2018). A baseline is the average performance of a global set of publications with the same subject area, document type and year. Observation of the field profile is more informative than any average value and, for most fields, the central range lies below 10% self-citation. (2004b). Each table contains citation data for the past ten years. van Raan, A. F. J. The expected number of citations articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year have received within the same time period is 18. Some characteristics of citing works that can be used for narrative purposes include: The inherent assumption is that significant publications will demonstrate a high citation count. The relationship between co-authorship, currency of references and author self-citations. Therefore, it is a direct measure of how many citations recently published articles in a given journal receive. https://doi.org/10.1177/030631277100100107. This final point is important because it changes our focus for the future. We thank our ISI colleagues, particularly Ross Potter, Gordon Rogers and Josh Schnell, for their advice and suggestions during the development of this work. (2015). Science and technology in a democratic order. ISBN-13: 978-3527337040. This quantitative aspect of growth of research fields may lead to higher average citation rates for early publications within the field, compared to publications of the same age in fields with less growth. Pharmacology & Toxicology (PHT) is also an outlier with a median of 0%. 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705-2221 Merton, R. K. (1942). Zhao and Strotmann (2018) argued, on the basis on in-text analysis, that self-citations may be more important than other types of citation. Looking at all categories and journals that were included, Covid-19 articles published between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021 are being cited at considerably higher rates than the non-Covid-19 papers. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551511412027. Gianoli, E., & Molina-Montenegro, M. A. The time period for citation counts is 10 years, plus partial year counts for These novel findings demonstrate that Covid-19 papers are being cited at remarkably higher rates than non-Covid-19 articles contained within the same journals. Rather than setting a percentage of author self-citation above which an individual would be eliminated from consideration, we examined the distributions of author self-citation rates (and author self-referencing rates) for each of the 21 fields to determine true outliers. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. 10-year period may be cited by any other paper published during the same https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-1777-2. We will show below that the range of self-citation rates among Highly Cited Researchers follows a negative binomial distribution (NBD). Field weighted citation impact (FWCI) is calculated by dividing the total number of citations an article has received the year it was published and 3 complete calendar years after its publication by the average number of citations articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year are expected to receive within the same time period. Mean citation rate per article in mathematics journals: Differences from the scientific model. The trajectory changes at the higher end, curving upwards towards much greater self-citation rates. Journal of Documentation,64(1), 4580. The skewness and Kurtosis tests were used for testing the normal distribution of continuous variables. A high self-citation rate may reflect the extent of contributions and the researchers focus. In 1979, Eugene Garfield noted: Theoretically, self-citations are a way of manipulating citation rates. (2018). In addition, the average number and age of the references, and the ratio of new publications in the field and the total number of publications play a role . These are only labelled on the first graph. Classification method for detecting coercive self-citation in journals. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0095. the current year (data is updated six times a year). These "tweetations" proved to be a good indicator of highly cited articles, leading the author to propose a "Twimpact factor", which is the number of Tweets it receives in the first seven days of publication, as well as a Twindex, which is the rank percentile of an article's Twimpact factor. Note, in this paper, that we refer to self-references and to self-cites and that they are not the same thing. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016070029935. Based on Scopus, it provides a measure of journal citation impact to 27,200 titles (in 2021), 15,300 more than the Impact . The patterns of self-citation rates suggest a very broad cultural consensus about the balance between building on ones own work and recognising the influence of others. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SCIE.0000018535.99885.e9. Note: RCRs are only available for articles in PubMed. Do citations provide a full narrative of meaningful health outcomes? 2018); about 13% as a median, using co-author self-citation (Ioannidis et al. PLoS ONE, 11(4), article number e0153730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.009. Costas, R., van Leeuwen, T. N., & Bordons, M. (2010). When controlling for influence of field categorization and article numbers, Covid-19 papers received 84% more citations than non-Covid-19 papers in the non-randomized sample (p<0.001, 95% CI [1.222.45]). Hicks, D. (2012). 2006; Thijs and Glnzel 2006; Glnzel 2008) and others (Aksnes 2003; Hyland 2003; Fowler and Aksnes 2007; van Raan 2008; Costas et al. [55] For instance in Medicine among other factors the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact. Today, both excessive self-citation and citation cartels are real concerns and have been documented (Ioannidis 2015; Fister et al. Other journal-level metrics include the Eigenfactor, and the SCImago Journal Rank. We emphasize the labelling we use for these two because there is potential confusion in the terms self citing and self cited, which have been used elsewhere. papers published in one research field in a given year. In a study based on the Web of Science database across 118 scientific disciplines, the top 1% most-cited authors accounted for 21% of all citations. 2019; Seeber et al. Collnet Journal of Scientometrics and Information Management,2(1), 917. Handbook of bibliometric indicators: Quantitative tools for studying and evaluating research. Keep in mind that citation rates are calculated from citation counts of papers that meet the criteria for inclusion in ESI. Extending the Mertonian norms: Scientists subscription to norms of research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-019-03243-4. (2019) also urge that self-citations should remain in a citation record and that what is needed is transparency, not removal. For months after, cases and fatalities rose at staggering clips as governing bodies worldwide grappled with the best measures to contain the virus. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in This suggests that journal impact factor, which is a product of the number of citations that recently published articles receive, will likely be drastically influenced by the number of Covid-19 papers that a journal has included within its pages in the previous years. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.4630360402. Sherief A. Ghozy, from any single year between 2008 and the present. Percentile values are baselines for evaluating research impact. 2016; Campanario 2018; Yu et al. Average citations increased from 3.9 in 2019 to 4.8 in 2020 for every article published with us. The issue of prolificacy and self-citation stacking, Is Self-Citation Biased? The calculation is number of citations / number of papers, where papers is defined as regular scientific articles, review articles, proceedings papers, and research notes. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2016.04.010. Moreover, excess is not the only object of study: differences in the rate at which men and women cite themselves is another topic of recent interest (Ghiasi et al. It For this exercise, ISI always uses full author counts rather than any variant form of fractional counting because the issue is a binary question of whether or not an author has self-cited. InCites Benchmarking & Analytics is a research analytics tool. Social Studies of Science,5(1), 8692. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,62(2), 230235. Issues are: There are two resources for determining how the number of citations to a work compares to other cited works. Social Studies of Science,7(1), 113122. 237280). 2019; Biagioli et al. 2010; Bartneck and Kokkelmans 2011; Huang and Lin 2011; Ferrara and Romero 2013; Viiu 2016). The self-referencing median rates and outlier thresholds are similar across fields but these are more variable for the self-citation indicators. There were 330 nonempty fields per year, on average, over 7 years, so this gave 2,310 data sets to analyze. A review of the literature on citation impact indicators. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021919228368. 2010; Ladle et al. American Documentation,16(3), 179184. A citation rate is the average number of citations received by a group of Baselines are annualized expected citation rates for papers in a research field. A younger person with few publications would not generally exhibit high rates of self-citation. Such considerations stem from the Mertonian notion of a citation as a repayment of an intellectual debt, which in turn provides reward in the form of community recognition to those so credited (Small 2004). (2015). Scientific impact evaluation and the effect of self-citations: Mitigating the bias by discounting the h-Index. Schubert, A. The rate at which authors self-reference can be a guide to cultural norms (and to outliers) as much as is the frequency of self-citing. Additionally, articles less than 2 years old with less than 5 citations will not have an RCR (e.g., an article published in 2021 will not receive an RCR in 2022 unless it has 5 or more citations). However, this citation trend in Covid-19 literature has not been limited to only a select few articles. The smaller sets had too few articles to analyze, however, so the final number of field/year combinations analyzed was slightly less. For example, a global set might consist of all articles in the field of chemistry publishedin 2006. These data are therefore susceptible to a thorough quantitative analysis that is unaffected by small-number effects among papers or cites for any single cluster. `Amongst all fields, only articles categorized as Medicine, General, or Internal according to WOS see a bump (28%) in citation rates that can be attributed to the field itself. Mathematics is a relatively small ESI field (97 Highly Cited Researchers) and it is possibly composed of a number of distinct sub-fields (see Bensman et al. Averages are calculated by adding the citation counts of individual papers and dividing by the number of papers. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific,98(610), 13471348. Bjrk, B. C., Kanto-Karvonen, S., & Harviainen, J. T. (2020). Article A review of studies on citing behavior. While marked outliers are detectable, they are not present in all fields and they cannot be excluded by a single universal arbiter such as a percentile. The gender gap in pay has remained relatively stable in the United States over the past 20 years or so. baseline measure is the all-years citation rate, which is the citation rate for CINAHL offers a Cited References feature that provides a list of citations that cite a particular publication in the CINAHL database. Central range is used here as a descriptive, non-technical term to indicate the more consistent plateau of similar self-citation rates within each field that encompasses somewhat more than the inter-quartile range for these data. A bibliometric approach to the role of author self-citations in scientific communication. [51][52] Kaur et al. [20] Each measure has advantages and disadvantages,[21] spanning from bias to discipline-dependence and limitations of the citation data source. ESI Data Aksnes, D. W. (2003). As an example, the Citation Rates Table displays data on the average citation rates of papers within the scientific fields over each of the past 10 years. VCH-Wiley. In 2021, Frontiers articles were viewed and downloaded 515 million times, totalling 1.5 billion overall. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03417-5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-020-03417-5. Elsevier's Field-Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) is similarly defined as "the ratio of the total citations received, and the total citations that would be expected based on the average of the citation rates in subject fields" (e.g., Scopus, 2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2013.11.001. 2019), although not all agree with this finding (DAntuono and Ciavarella 2019). PLoS Biology, 17(8), article number e3000384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0745-2. We first need to add up the number of citations the article has received the year it was published and the 3 calendar years following its publication (i.e., 2017 to the end of December, 2020). That figure is close to the findings of many other researchers in the following five decades. We find that, across 24 open-access and subscription-based scientific journals, Covid-19 papers published in the past 2 years currently have a median citation rate of 120.79 compared to 21.63 for non-Covid-19 papers. Their study found no penalty for self-citation but diminishing returns with respect to generating citations from others beyond a certain point. [24], An alternative approach to measure a scholar's impact relies on usage data, such as number of downloads from publishers and analyzing citation performance, often at article level. Data are plotted both as a linear and as a log-normal plot. Social Studies of Science,5(4), 423441. Geoderma,155(34), 434438. Contact Us, Copyright The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System, Library Research Guides - University of Wisconsin Ebling Library, high-level overview of normalized metrics and their limitations, overview of the RCR and how it's calculated, overview of FWCIs and how they're calculated, quick overview of field weighted citation impact metrics, https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/impact_metrics, Citation metrics: A primer on how (not) to normalize, Relative Citation Ratio (RCR): A new metric that uses citation rates to measure influence at the article level, Snowball Metrics Recipe Book: Their application in the United Kingdom, Enter the title of the article into the search bar, Scroll to the bottom of the page and click "Process", The RCR will display on the right-hand side of the table, Look for the article in your results list, Click the article's title to go to its metadata page, Scroll down until you see the "Metrics" heading, Click to carrot next to the "Metrics" heading, The FWCI shoudl display on the right (labeled "Field weighted citation impact"), Field categorizations and their granularity differ between sources, Document type categorizations and their granularity differ between sources, May be skewed by cross-disciplinary citations, Expected citation rates may be skewed by outliers, Citation counts (which are used to inform the metric) differ between databases, Citation counts (which are used to inform the metric) do not exclude self citations, Not all citations (which are used to inform the metric) are "good" citations (e.g., Article A may cite Article B to reject Article B's findings), Does not take into account social impact (e.g., an article trending on Twitter).

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