[14][15] The exact form that retribution would take was left unresolved at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. [41][42], The United States' chief prosecutor was Supreme Court justice Robert H. A high court recently . The United States delegation outlined the overall Nazi conspiracy and criminality of Nazi organizations. Judges deliberate at the trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany, Jan. 1, 1945. [211] The educational purpose of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals was a failure, in part because of the resistance to war crimes trials in German society, but also because of the United States Army's refusal to publish the trial record in German for fear it would undermine the fight against communism. The Doctors' Trial was one of 13 proceedings. Stupid to an incredible degree to send young people out to kill other young people they don't even know, who never did anybody any harm, never harmed them. [62] Vyshinsky demanded extensive corrections to the crimes-against-peace charges, especially regarding the role of the GermanSoviet pact in starting World War II. [123] The next week, the Soviet prosecution suddenly produced former field marshal Friedrich von Paulus, captured after the Battle of Stalingrad, as a witness and questioned him about the preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union. [12] The United States insisted on a fair trial as a means of reforming Germany. [50][51] Because the Soviet Union expected a show trial, its appointees were familiar with this form. And he said, "Can you do this in addition to your other work?" / CBS News. [74], Although the list of defendants was finalized on 29 August,[75] as late as October, Jackson demanded changes and expansion of the defendants list, but this was rejected. Benjamin Ferencz: He was not ashamed of that. [180][172] On 16 October, ten were hanged, with Gring committing suicide the day before. His equivocations, standing in sharp contrast to his genocidal editorial line reflected in slogans like Germany will live as long as it sees the Jews as the mortal enemy of mankind, are now available online for the first time along with hundreds of additional hours of audio and video recordings from the trials of 24 Nazis that ended 1946, nearly 75 years ago. But SLS scholars argue that Native people profoundly shaped the conversation. Then a series of subsequent trials were mounted against other Nazi leaders, including 22 SS officers responsible for killing more than a million people -- not in concentration camps -- but in towns and villages across Eastern Europe. [117] The French prosecutors, more than their British or American counterparts, emphasized the guilt of the German people;[118] they barely mentioned the charge of aggressive war and instead focused on forced labor, economic plunder, massacres, and Germanization. [98] Jackson maintained that while the United States did "not seek to convict the whole German people of crime", neither did the trial "serve to absolve the whole German people except 21 men in the dock". Exhibit 111: "In the last 10 weeks, we have liquidated around 55,000 Jews." A team of over 1,000 lawyers and over 10,000 medical experts led by Dr. Reiner Fuellmich have begun legal proceedings against the CDC, WHO & the Davos Group for crimes against humanity. Three were acquitted and the rest given long prison sentences. [60] Conspiracy charges were especially central to the cases against propagandists and industrialists; the former were charged with providing the ideological justification for war and other crimes, while the latter were accused of economic mobilization without which no war would have been possible. Stanford Libraries is working with the Registry of the International Court of Justice to build a complete digital corpus of this historic archive. It helps people understand the human consequences of the things that are going on today and to understand the human dimension of what these kinds of events mean, said Cohen. (@carolecadwalla) July 24, 2021 J Opacka (@jopackaj) July 24, . [52] Initially, it was planned that Iona Nikitchenko, who had presided over the Moscow trials, would serve as the chief prosecutor, but he was appointed as a judge and replaced by Roman Rudenko, a show trial prosecutor[53] chosen for his skill as an orator. This week, the U.S. I was 27 years old. So the world is changing. On Thursday, Florida Gov. First published on June 27, 2021 / 6:54 PM. He was carrying out his government's instructions. Until the end of the negotiations, it was not clear that any trial would be held at all, due to acrimonious disputes over fundamental matters; the American delegation threatened to walk out. [19], The Nuremberg Charter upended the traditional view of international law by holding individuals, rather than states, responsible for breaches of international law. He also recalls how, for a time, he followed in his fathers footsteps to become a school principal before he became politically radicalized and joined Adolf Hitlers Nazi Party, which he said he believed offered the best path to recovering Germanys ailing economy and improving its international status after its devastating defeat in World War I. [185] Twelve military trials were convened solely by the United States in the same courtroom that had hosted the International Military Tribunal. Testimony is ultimately human narratives, and it means a lot to help keep those voices alive through time and space so that we can learn from history and hopefully better understand the implications of atrocities carried out in different cultural and historical contexts, said Penelope Van Tuyl, associate director of the Center for Human Rights and International Justice, who has also contributed to the preservation efforts and development of the Virtual Tribunals exhibit platform. Its Me, Margaret, Barry Manilows Harmony, musical about troupe with Jewish members in Nazi Germany, is headed to Broadway, Steve Guttenberg, and his very Jewish life, take the stage for a play adaptation of his memoir, Skver Hasidic movement bans use of artificial intelligence, In major address, ADL chief focuses on anti-Zionists and threats to Orthodox while avoiding Trump, South African Jewish journalist Jeremy Gordin murdered in home burglary at 70, Noam Chomsky, Ehud Barak, Leon Botstein and a Rothschild are among the names on Jeffrey Epsteins newly uncovered calendar. [22][23] War crimes already existed in international law as criminal violations of the laws and customs of war. Produced by Shari Finkelstein and Nieves Zuberbhler. (Image credit: National Archives of the Netherlands / ANP, CC0), (Image credit: U.S. The Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out between 1945 and 1949, the Trial of Major War Criminals being held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946. . Speer managed to distinguish himself from other defendants, giving the impression of apologizing, although without assuming personal guilt or naming any victims other than the German people. Proposals for how to punish the defeated Nazi leaders ranged from a show trial (the Soviet Union) to summary executions (the United Kingdom). [189], One set of trials focused on the actions of German professionals: the Doctors' trial focused on human experimentation and euthanasia murders, the Judges' trial on the role of the judiciary in Nazi crimes, and the Ministries trial on the culpability of bureaucrats of German government ministries, especially the Foreign Office. Judges deliberate at the trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany, Jan. 1, 1945. . Benjamin Ferencz: I don't think I'm an idealist. Benjamin Ferencz: They said, "No, you're too short. [172] All 22 defendants were charged with crimes against peace, and 12 were convicted. Holocaust Memorial Museum placed online more than 700 hours of audio recordings from the trials, as well as 37 reels of film introduced as evidence. [46] The British chief prosecutor was Hartley Shawcross, assisted by David Maxwell Fyfe, who had been the attorney general in Churchill's government. It isn't easy viewing. [24][25] Although a novel construct, "crimes against humanity" covered acts that were already prohibited by the laws of most countries. Benjamin Ferencz: And I'm still in there fighting. [146] The Nuremberg Laws were compared to discriminatory laws in the United States. 03/Jun/2021. Lesley Stahl: Did anybody ever say that you're naive? [85] After the American prosecution flooded the trial with untranslated evidence, the judges insisted that all of the evidence be read into the record, which slowed the trial. The verdict was drafted by British alternate judge Norman Birkett. Jackson submitted his final report to President Truman one week after the verdicts. "[1][163] The judges did not attempt to define aggression[164] and decided not to mention the retroactivity of the charges in the verdict. The recordings, many of them in German without translation, offer an insight into the mood, mindset and history of people like Frank and Streicher, who spoke at length about his personal history growing up in a small village in Bavaria as the youngest of nine children. The bill was introduced by Reps. Lois Frankel (D-Fla.), Joe Wilson (R-S.C.), Ted Deutch (D-Fla.), Gus Bilirakis (R-Fla.), Jim McGovern (D-Mass.) [138], From March to July 1946, the defense presented its counterarguments. Stanford University. And you're very wise. Many of the worst offenders were not prosecuted, for logistical or financial reasons. [238][239] The Palace of Justice houses a museum on the trial and the courtroom became a tourist attraction, drawing 13,138 visitors in 2005. In the Hostages case, several generals were tried for executing thousands of hostages and prisoners of war, looting, using forced labor, and deporting civilians in the Balkans. Benjamin Ferencz: Defendants' face were blank, all the time. Seven defendants (Hess, Funk, Raeder, Dnitz, Schirach, Speer, and Neurath) were sent to Spandau Prison to serve their sentences. You know? [177] In the latter case, the Wehrmacht leadership was not considered an organization within the meaning of the charter;[177][178] but this verdict was later misrepresented as an acquittal of the criminality of the Wehrmacht, forming one of the foundations of the clean Wehrmacht myth. [224][225][226] During the two decades after the trial, opinions were predominantly negative. You know, kick 'em in. Top ways to experience Nuremburg Trial Courthouse and nearby attractions. [88], The charter allowed the admissibility of any evidence deemed to have probative value, including depositions. Gabrielle Karampelas, Stanford Libraries: (650) 497-4414, gkaram@stanford.edu. Lesley Stahl: Had you prosecuted trials before? Digitizing all the records from the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal Trial Archives is ongoing. Benjamin Ferencz: Of course. [152] The defendants' witnesses sometimes managed to exculpate them, but other witnessesincluding Rudolf Hss, the former commandant of Auschwitz, and Hans Bernd Gisevius, a member of the German resistanceeffectively incriminated the defendants. The only part of the French charges that were accepted by the judges was the deportation of Jews from France and other parts of Western Europe. 27 Aug 2021. Benjamin Ferencz: A father who, his son told me the story. [135] The Soviet Union also called two Holocaust survivors as witnesses, Samuel Rajzmana Treblinka survivorand poet Abraham Sutzkever, who eloquently described the murder of tens of thousands of Jews from Vilna, although their testimony did not directly incriminate any of the defendants. [111][112] The British case covered invasions, from that of Poland to that of the Soviet Union, which Shawcross covered in the second part of his speech;[113] these charges took three days to present, with Maxwell Fyfe detailing 15 treaties broken by Germany. [13] Planners in the United States Department of War were drawing up plans for an international tribunal in late 1944 and early 1945. On December 9, 1946, an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against 23 leading German physicians and administrators for their willing participation in war crimes and crimes against humanity. Benjamin Ferencz: Yes. [167] The judges were aware that both the Allies and the Axis had planned or committed acts of aggression, writing the verdict carefully to avoid discrediting either the Allied governments or the tribunal. Two of the 24 defendants died during the trials, including Hermann Goring, commander of Nazi Germanys air force, who committed suicide. [10] The declaration also stated that those high-ranking Nazis who had committed crimes in several countries would be dealt with jointly. [212], The German churches, both Catholic and Protestant, were vociferous proponents of amnesty,[213] which had cross-party support in West Germany, which was established in 1949. The first of the Nuremberg trials was to be the biggest murder trial in human history, with 21 Nazi leaders appearing before the court charged with the deaths of millions of innocent people during . Well, see here, this-- they rounded 'em up. September 30, 2021 Stanford scholars expand digital database with historic records from the Nuremberg Trial. By Cnaan Liphshiz January 15, 2021 11:48 am. [136][137] The Soviet prosecution case was generally well received and presented compelling evidence about the suffering of the Soviet people and the Soviet contribution to victory. Lesley Stahl: And you had his name down on a piece of. [207][208] In a 1946 poll, 78 percent of Germans assessed the trial as fair, but four years later that had fallen to 38 percent, with 30 percent considering it unfair. Lesley Stahl: Did you meet a lot of people who perpetrated war crimes who would otherwise in your opinion have been just a normal, upstanding citizen? By UPI Staff. Between 1939 and 1945, Nazi Germany waged war across Europe, invading Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Low Countries, France, Denmark, Norway, Yugoslavia, Greece, and the Soviet Union, among others. [67] Also prosecuted were leaders of the German economy, such as Gustav Krupp (of the conglomerate Krupp AG), former Reichsbank president Hjalmar Schacht, and economic planners Albert Speer and Walther Funk, along with Speer's subordinate and head of the forced labor program, Fritz Sauckel. [144] Most defendants argued their own insignificance within the Nazi system, but Gring took the opposite approach, presenting himself as Hitler's loyalist and expecting that while he would be executed, the German people would eventually appreciate his loyalty. [39] Besides legal professionals, there were many social-science researchers, psychologists, translators and interpreters, and graphic designers, the latter to make the many charts used during the trial. Shoot 'em there. The Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out between 1945 and 1949, the Trial of Major War Criminals being held from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946. War makes murderers out of otherwise decent people. #. And you shouldn't-- you know-- be despairing because it's never happened before. [139] Some defendants denied their involvement in, or knowledge of, certain crimes,[140] even resorting to implausible lies. Stanford University is marking the 75th anniversary of the International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg with a significant expansion of records from the historic trial. The COVID-19 vaccines have been tested in clinical trials with people who gave their consent. The Palace of Justice was relatively intact but needed to be renovated for the trial due to bomb damage; it had an attached prison where the defendants could be held. Screenshot from film showing the Einsatzgruppen at work. He was proud of that. [87] In France, some verdicts were met with outrage from the media and especially from organizations for deportees and resistance fighters, as they were perceived as too lenient. Twelve Nazi leaders were sentenced to death by hanging. 2021 CBS Interactive Inc. All Rights Reserved. [77] Gring, the most famous surviving Nazi, headlined the trial. [110] Unlike Jackson, he attempted to minimize the novelty of the aggression charges. If you are a doctor or a nurse, . So you see these human stories which are not -- they're not real. [190][191] Also on trial were industrialistsin the Flick trial, the IG Farben trial, and the Krupp trialfor using forced labor, looting property from Nazi victims, and funding SS atrocities. For the subsequent trials held by the United States, see, "International Military Tribunal" redirects here. [217][218] The last prisoner was released in 1958. Other absent and dead men including Himmler, Reinhard Heydrich, Adolf Eichmann, and Bormann were also blamed. I got on the next plane, flew from Berlin down to Nuremberg, and I said to Taylor, "General, we've gotta put on a new trial.". [126] Lev Smirnov presented evidence on the Lidice massacre in Czechoslovakia, adding that such destruction of villages had occurred throughout eastern Europe. Twelve further trials were conducted by the United States against lower-level perpetrators, which focused more on the Holocaust. Nearly 75 years ago, the Nuremberg Trial came to a close when on Oct. 1, 1946, a group of convicted Nazi leaders was sentenced by the International Military Tribunal (IMT) for crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during World War II and the Holocaust. Innocent lamb. [82], Over the summer, all of the national delegations struggled to gather evidence for the upcoming trial. [115], From 17 January to 7 February 1946, France presented its charges and supporting evidence. The United States and the United Kingdom refused to endorse this proposal, citing the failure of war crimes prosecutions after World War I. The Nuremberg trials after World War II were historic -- the first international war crimes tribunals ever held. The trial of 22 Nazi leaders began on Nov. 20, 1945, and the Tribunal pronounced its judgment on Oct. 1, 1946. [203], In all, 249 journalists were accredited to cover the IMT[40] and 61,854 visitor tickets were issued. [175][176], Four organizations were ruled to be criminal: the Leadership Corps of the Nazi Party, the SS, the Gestapo, and the SD, although some lower ranks and subgroups were excluded. [49][48] The French government tried to appoint staff who were not tainted by collaboration with the Vichy regime; some appointments were of those who had been in the French resistance. [65], Some of the most prominent NazisAdolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Joseph Goebbelshad committed suicide and therefore could not be tried. Fullmich and his team present the faulty PCR test and the order for doctors to label any comorbidity death as a Covid death as fraud. [145], Despite the fact that the charter did not recognize a tu quoque defense, such arguments were repeatedly raised during the trial. People receiving the COVID-19 vaccines at this point are not taking part in a medical experiment, because the vaccines already have gone through clinical trials and have received emergency . 2023 jewish telegraphic agency all rights reserved. Lesley Stahl: Ben? The Natural Capital Project is working with development banks and 10 pilot countries to put the environment at the forefront of policy and investment decisions. [84][85] The American prosecution drew on reports of the Office of Strategic Services and information provided by the YIVO Institute for Jewish Research and the American Jewish Committee. HumansAreFree@HumansAreFree. Below his face, his motto: "law, not war.". Included in the archive are firsthand accounts from the few who survived the Nazi concentration camps, including for example Marie-Claude Vaillant Couturier, a member of the French Resistance who was imprisoned at Auschwitz and Ravensbrck. Benjamin Ferencz: Well, if it's naive to want peace instead of war, let 'em make sure they say I'm naive. [66][67] The prosecutors wanted to try representative leaders of German politics, economy, and military; and the Americans had a list of 70 names at the London Conference. [153] Midway through the trial, Winston Churchill's Iron Curtain speech denouncing the Soviet threat delighted the defense. [227] The main legal criticisms of the trial focused on questions of retroactivity, selectivity, and jurisdiction. All wars, and all decent people. That's insane. I'm sitting here listening to you. The Jews were shot? Lesley Stahl: We've had Rwanda, we've had Bosnia. Nuremberg war crimes trials 70 years on: a complex legacy. It prevents a battery or negligence, and protects the autonomy rights of the patient. The technology will allow users to discover and cut straight to material in a really dense corpus without being an expert on the trial or being a lawyer, and that is really powerful, Van Tuyl said. General Telford Taylor, in charge of the Nuremberg trials, asked him to direct a team of researchers in Berlin, one of whom found a cache of top-secret documents in the ruins of the German foreign . The judgement argued that aggressive war had already been illegal, even if no one had been punished for it, and therefore the German leaders could not count on immunity from prosecution. Without calling a single witness, he entered into evidence the defendants' own reports of what they'd done. So the Jewish question was for me solved in Germany, but I believed that another international solution will come, that we should meet with Zionists, listen to their demands, he said on April 26, 1946 at the military tribunal where he stood trial with other Nazi officials for crimes against humanity. [85] The prosecution examined 110,000 captured German documents[40] and entered 4,600 into evidence,[87] along with 30 kilometres (19mi) of film and 25,000 photographs. [132] The inclusion of Katyn in the charges undermined the credibility of Soviet evidence in general. 27-year-old Ben Ferencz became the chief prosecutor of 22 Einsatzgruppen commanders at Nuremberg. [103], Much of the American case focused on the development of the Nazi conspiracy before the outbreak of war. [134] The second film included footage of the liberation of Majdanek and the liberation of Auschwitz and was considered even more disturbing than the American concentration camp film. One of America's most recognized and experienced broadcast journalists, Lesley Stahl has been a 60 Minutes correspondent since 1991. [1] Most of the defendants were also charged with war crimes and crimes against humanity. Monday, Aug. 16, 2021, in Des Moines . QAnon followers believe a second set of Nuremberg-like trials will be held to prosecute those who introduced coronavirus restrictions, on the grounds of "crimes against humanity." Acolytes of the . Jackson. [171] Only eight defendants were convicted on that charge; all of whom were also found guilty of crimes against peace. [129] The Soviet prosecution also attempted to fabricate German responsibility for the Katyn massacre, which had in fact been committed by the Soviet Union. Ben Ferencz entered into evidence the defendants' own reports of what they'd done. [44] As the numerically strongest delegation, it would take on the bulk of the prosecutorial effort. Look what's happened to the same-sex marriages. The British government was still opposed, unable to see the benefit of such a trial and preferring the summary execution of Nazi leaders. He's an intelligent, patriotic human being. They should remember, from me, it takes courage not to be discouraged. Copyright 2023 CBS Interactive Inc. All rights reserved. Only one piece of film is known to exist of the Einsatzgruppen at work. [198] The trials targeted 177 defendants and obtained 142 convictions, including 25 death sentences;[199] the severity of sentencing was related to the defendant's proximity to mass murder. [234][235] Further developments in international criminal law in the aftermath of the trials included the Genocide Convention (1948) and the Fourth Geneva Convention (1949). Ralf Bosen. [182] Nikichenko released a dissent approved by Moscow that rejected all the acquittals, called for a death sentence for Hess, and convicted all the organizations. Part of an artillery battalion, he landed on the beach at Normandy and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. 27 Aug 2021. 2021 19:03. Benjamin Ferencz: When I reached over a million people murdered that way, over a million people, that's more people than you've ever seen in your life, I took a sample. By SIMCHA PASKO 01/10/2021 [21] At the conference, it was debated whether wars of aggression were prohibited in existing international customary law; regardless, before the charter was adopted there was no law providing for criminal responsibility for aggression. They all have already tags on 'em. [241][242], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}492716N 110254E / 49.45444N 11.04833E / 49.45444; 11.04833. [200] The case law of the trials fleshed out the skeleton provided by the Nuremberg charter and the IMT verdict. Lesley Stahl: He's a savage when he does the murder though. [52][46] The Soviet personnel's lack of knowledge of English, lack of interpreters, and unfamiliarity with diplomacy and international institutions also limited their influence. [69][37], The defendants, who were largely unrepentant,[70] included former cabinet ministers: Franz von Papen (who had brought Hitler to power); Joachim von Ribbentrop (foreign minister), Wilhelm Frick (interior minister), and Alfred Rosenberg, minister for the occupied eastern territories.

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