In addition, the Seljuks forced Armenia, a traditional client state of the Byzantines, to pay tribute to Alp Arslan. The Islamic Civilization is today and was in the past an amalgam of a wide variety of cultures, made up of polities and countries from North Africa to the western periphery of the Pacific Ocean, and from Central Asia to sub-Saharan Africa. He released Muhammad on the condition of peace. The early Islamic Empire expanded due to the first prophet, Muhammad, being a very strong leader and expanding the empire a greatly before he died, and then his successors followed that ruling and expanded even more. The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period) marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history, lasting from the 6th to the 10th century CE. In 715, Constantinople had been sacked by Bulgars, and then for the next two years, it was wracked by two civil wars. Second, a share of the plunder from Mahmud went to Baghdad as a gift from the Ghaznavid ruler. The Muslim threat and rebellions were not Prithvirajs only concern. Aisha, however, simply disliked Ali. The office of "successor" to the prophet Muammad as the leader of the Muslim community is a uniquely Islamic institution. There, the leading tribes accepted his followers and offered him protection. The victory also helped Charles secure and consolidate his power. (Their most effective tactic was to blockade a city.) In 1186, he invaded the Punjab and captured Lahore, thus ending the Ghaznavid dynasty. The provincial navies were equipped in emergencies. In addition, Ali became Muhammads son-in-law with his marriage to Fatima (606632), the daughter of Muhammad. The battle, part of Charlemagnes campaign against the Muslims of Spain, did not actually include Charlemagne. Perhaps Yazids reputation would be better if he had not died during the middle of a rebellion. Similarly one may ask, where did the Islamic empire start? World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. After being convinced that he had not gone mad, Muhammad accepted his role as prophet and began to attract followers. With its annihilation, Syria was open to conquest, and resistance collapsed before the Arab advance. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. On October 10, 680, despite being vastly outnumbered, Husayn fought until he and his supporters were all dead. Fortunately for Muhammad, he had learned of the plot and escaped to the city of Yathrid (now known as Medina), located north of Mecca. Unfortunately, the defeat made them vulnerable in other ways. Between the years of 622 and 750 AD, the early Islamic Empire expanded rapidly, taking control of most of the Middle East. Meanwhile, the Sasanid army crossed the Euphrates, which in that particular area was divided into small streams, and then formed their ranks before the Arabs. Indeed, the Ghaznavids were the first among Islamic states to deploy elephant tactical units in battle, including formations of one hundred elephants. Meanwhile, the Sassanians sought to restore their authority over lost Iraqi regions. Prithviraj offered a truce on the condition that Muhammad withdraw his army. In Document B, the Muslim forces could of abused the power they had over Theodemir and his followers. The duo stuck to the western side of the Euphrates, where they enjoyed much success, employed eager locals in their ranks, and countered Sassanian advances towards the conquered territory. Although the Umayyad dynasty continued in Spain after the Abbasid Revolution in 750, the rulers of al-Andalus, as Spain was called, it did not claim the title of caliph. Muhammads successful raiding also began to attract support from more Bedouin tribes. Thus he and a small band of followers marched toward Kufa in Iraq to start a rebellion. Central Anatolia was now open to attack, and this was the core recruiting ground for the Byzantines. The rise of the ottoman empire also meant the decline of central asaian women's free association with men and relative political influence. Although the Battle of Poitiers was not a resounding victory, it still was significant for Charles. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. He then moved against Umar ibn-Hafsun, who since 883 had acted as an independent ruler near Malaga. The Meccans were divided on whether to fight or not as they had secured the caravan. Muawiya, the governor of Syria ascended the caliphal throne after the death of Ali, the fourth caliph, in 656. A depiction of a caravan traveling along the Silk Road around the fourteenth century. It is estimated that by the time that Saad made his push, he had accumulated thirty thousand men, including a solid core of veterans who had fought alongside Muhammad. The person who manned the apparatus was known as the siphonarios. Were committed to providing educators accessible, high-quality teaching tools. Why or Why not? Relying on the advice of his generals, Prithviraj successfully quelled the revolts. Abd al-Rahman tried to rally his troops, but in the course of doing so, he became surrounded and was killed. It was not long thereafter before Muslim raiders entered France. Alptigin, the Samanid governor of Ghazni in Afghanistan, founded an empire in the waning days of the Samanid dynasty. The victory at Nahavand brought heaps of war booty to Medina, but with it also came retribution, Caliph Umar was assassinated in 644 CE by a Persian slave named Lu'lu who wished to avenge the losses of his kingdom. The early Islamic Empire expanded because of how they treated people and followers of a different religion, as well as how becoming a Muslim or respecting their religion [Islam] gave you benefit. From this victory, the Seljuks then went on to dominate all of Iran; being recent converts to Islam, they became allies of the Abbasid caliphs. He was a competent military leader, having served as a commander during his fathers siege of Constantinople in 669. As the two forces met, the first seven days were spent skirmishing while maneuvering for position. Mahmud used this opportunity to attack Begtuzun, legitimatizing his attack against another Muslim ruler by defending the rightful Samanid ruler. Unfortunately, his successors could not withstand Muhammad of Khwarazm who seized Ghur and Herat immediately after Muhammads death in 1206. Final Claim/Summary: Based on the three documents you looked at, write a paragraph to answer the following question: How did the early Islamic empire expand? As dusk approached, the Arabs made a final charge. London: Routledge, 2001. Although his men suffered high casualties, they blinded several elephants, causing them to stampede. Previously, Charlemagne had entered into discussions with representatives of Saragossa toward a peaceful transition in exchange for protection against the emirate of Cordoba. The new caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab, was not as enamored with Khalid as his predecessor. He distinguished himself in single combat at Bedr (624), Uhud (625), and then at the Battle of the Ditch (627). They considered a just war as a holy struggle and if death was to embrace them, they would be immortalized as martyrs. In early 1060, Toghril brought the caliph back to Baghdad. When Chaghri died (sometime in 1059 or 1060), Alp Arslan stepped into his fathers position. However, the commander of his rear guard, Andronicus Ducas (a rival of the emperor), ignored his orders and continued marching to the Byzantine camp. The situation did not improve for the besieging land troops when Bulgarian raiders struck the Muslim camp. After Uhud, Muhammad swore revenge for the death of his uncle, Hamza. Key Points The Umayyad Caliphate, which emerged after the Rashidun Caliphate collapsed, was characterized by hereditary elections and territory expansion. Islam and Its Origins - Starts on the Arabian peninsula Then spreads to the middle regions of east Asia Tribe based Outside of the major empires A lot of mixing, Jews and Christians, Zoroastrianism, polytheistic - Many people started to believe that first among these gods were Allah- god - Allah and yaway were one in the same . . The Ghaznavid Empire, which lasted from 977 to1186, emerged from the ruins of its predecessor, the Samanid Empire. Expansion of the Early Islamic Empire Muhammad lived from 570-632 CE. As a result, he was born with a fair complexion and blonde or red hair, which he at times dyed. Greek fire was also used in bombs made of pottery, which functioned like hand grenades. The idea was that if these soldiers received a regular payment, then they would be less likely to pillage villages and towns. (Battle of Yarmuk). In 1059, his cousin Ibrahim ibn Inal rebelled, in collusion with the commander of the caliphs army, a person named Besairi. Saad drew his army up in the plain of Qadisiyya. In the end, Yazids reign is difficult to assess due to his early death. Robinson, Chase. Five years later, Alp Arslan began to extend Seljuk dominion into Syria, capturing the city of Aleppo in 1070. Two of the great empires of antiquity suffered greatly. In December 636 or January 647, Saad began his advance toward the Euphrates River. A sudden charge finally broke the Meccan lines. To make matters worse, Leo also improved the walls of the city, and one of the worst winters in Byzantine history occurred that year. Furthermore, the Lombards encroached on lands held by the Papacy in Italy. The Bedouin allies of the Meccans had little desire to camp and wait out the Muslims. Nonetheless, Muawiya succeeded in gaining support for his son, allowing Yazid to become caliph in 680, the year of Muawiyas death. Encyclopedia.com. Mahmud of Ghazni (c. 9711030) was the third ruler of an empire based in Afghanistan. Even the concept of a theocracy did not last long, which led to the diminished authority of the caliph. How did the early Islamic empire expand? Eventually not only were his followers persecuted, but Muhammad himself was targeted. When not participating in the raids, he lived a semi-retired life in Hims, located in modern Syria, where he died. The new fortifications nonplussed the Meccans. Having conquered the Punjab and destroyed the Ghaznavid dynasty that had taken refuge there, Muhammad then turned east toward the Hindu kingdoms in the plains of northern India. It is possible that the matter could have been resolved peacefully; the Seljuk leader, Toghril Beg, did request land in Khurasan from Masud. Naturally, this provoked a Byzantine reaction and in 1071, Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes invaded Seljuk territory. . Make sure to include evidence from at least . Our lessons and assessments are available for free download once you've created an account. Areas in the far east such as Malaysia and Indonesia also became Muslim through traders and Islamic Sufis. Traders brought their religion to West Africa where Islam quickly spread throughout the region. The general Al-Kama (or Alqama) led a force into the region, but Don Pelayo fled to the mountains and successfully defeated his pursuers. The Umayyad forces intercepted them at Karbala, in Iraq, only twenty miles from Kufa. Part 3 The Ottoman Empire and Spread of Islam (pg 228 - 232 AND 307 - 309) - due Mon Dec 13 8. He continued to be a thorn to the Umayyads until he was killed in 692. Prithviraj was a remarkable leader who was known not only for his valor, but also his honorable actions. Although some Sasanid troops held their ground, the majority of the army fled. With campaigns against Shiites in Iran, Hindus in India, and infidel Turks in Central Asia, the Ghaznavids served as the defenders of orthodoxy until the Turkic Seljuks supplanted them. Arbitration concluded that neither Ali nor Muawiya could claim the caliphate and that the people would choose a new leader. Furthermore, it deterred other raiding parties, as the Arabs learned that fighting the Franks was not an easy proposition. Although theoretically subordinate to the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, Mahmud established a vast empire that influenced events in the eastern Islamic world and was crucial to the spread of Islam or Islamic influences into Central Asia and India. Many tribes opposed the idea of dynastic rule since it violated tradition, but the event that formed a rebellion against Yazid was due to his policies. Not unexpectedly, his claim to the throne was challenged, but against all rivalssuch as his cousin Suleiman and his fathers cousin, KutulmishAlp Arslan emerged victorious. Furthermore, as Hindu troops comprised a significant part of his army (a tribute from vassal Hindu princes), Mahmud could ill afford to alienate them. Toghril Beg (c. 9901063) was the founder of the Seljuk Empire, which at its height stretched from modern Afghanistan into Turkey. For Prithvirajs kingdom, it was destroyed. As adherence to Islam expanded, far-flung cultural regions began to take on a life of their own. Ultimately, Abd al-Rahman made the first move, probably because as long as Charles remained in the area, the Arab raiding expedition was threatened. Despite the reinforcements, the Rashidun army was heavily outnumbered and their foe had the advantage in equipment, but the Muslims made up for it with their unparalleled skill in hand-to-hand combat. ISLAMIC EXPANDTION early Islamic Empire expanded due to conquest. The specter of "Oriental Despotism" lurked behind virtually in political, social and economic histories of early modern Islamic empires. Person as author : Dhammaratana, Tampalawela In : History of humanity: scientific and cultural development, v.VII: The Twentieth century, p. 103-106 Language : English Language : Russian Also available in : Franais Year of publication : 2008 The final confrontation for the fate of Syria occurred at a river in northern Jordan that flows through the Golan Heights and into Jordan River. The Sasanid Empire collapsed completely due to the Arab conquests. For the Muslims, it was another sign that God was on their side. Not wishing to leave anything to fate alone, Abu Bakr ordered Khalid to advance to Syria. While the armies made their feints, additional Frankish infantry arrived, ranging from militias to veterans of previous campaigns. The half-hearted attack collapsed and the Muslims routed the Meccans, thus gaining an important victory for the Muslims. Furthermore, the riches found in the enemy camp were attractive to all warriors. Indeed, as new Turkic nomads entered his domains, Alp Arslan sent them to the Byzantine border. The only-one-god concept went directly against a mainstay of the Meccan economy; namely, the pilgrimage trade to the idols of Mecca. We care about our planet! Placing the birth of the monarchy at this battle also removed the stigma of the collapse of the Visigothic kingdoms with the Arab conquest in 711. I've come across various references online referencing communists regarding the the Soviets as the core of a future world communist state (but not much explicit). The last king of the once glorious Sassanian Empire lost his life to treachery, and with his death, died any hope of fighting the Muslim advance. This helped to offset the demoralizing reappearance of the Sasanid elephant corps. and Fred Donner's . Mecca was important not only because it was on the trade routes running through Arabia but also because it housed the Kaaba, thought to be the house of Abraham. Abu Bakr now sought to expand his realm beyond the Arabian Peninsula. The battle was decisive, and the large Byzantine army had been decimated. The pivotal battle enabled the Islamic penetration of the region, and it gave the Muslims control of an economically important trade zone: the heart of the Silk Road. After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 C.E., there was a series of four rulers, known as the Rightly Guided Caliphs: Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman, and, lastly, Muhammad's . New York: Da Capo Press, 2007. Honors World History Ch. Muhammad accomplished this with the help of his elder brother, Ghiyath al-Din. It seemed that they would be able to blockade the city. Harlow, UK: Routledge, 1988. Much of Persia or modern Iran submitted to his authority, although taking cities through sieges remained difficult as the Seljuks had little experience in these matters. Khalid handpicked his best men and moved through the trackless desert, using camels as water reservoirs, and appeared on the fringes of Syria. Multiple Trajectories of Islam in Africa Islam had already spread into northern Africa by the mid-seventh century A.D., only a few decades after the prophet Muhammad moved with his followers from Mecca to Medina on the neighboring Arabian Peninsula (622 A.D./1 A.H.). Martel claimed his place in history by defeating Muslim invaders from Spain at the Battle of Poitiers (also known as the Battle of Tours). During the Ridda Wars, an Arab chieftain named Muthanna ibn al-Haritha approached Abu Bakr and informed him of the vulnerability of Sassanian Iraq. According to this document, how will Muslims treat the people that they conquer? In 1072, he was once again in Central Asia campaigning. The Arabs were aided when the Qarluq Turks, who served as auxiliary troops for the Tang, switched sides. This was a calculated maneuver, as this fact would be in the minds of the military commanders or emirs. In the meantime, strains between the multi-ethnic components of the Byzantine army began to show. However, the forces respected their differences, did not taunt or tarnish Christianity, and were sincere in their actions, "They will not be coerced in matters of religion, their churches will not be burned, nor will sacred objects be taken from the realm," Thus, causing the followers to have a sweet taste in their mouths about Islam, instead of a bitter and metallic one. The Battle of Qadisiyya in 637 opened the Persian Sasanid Empire to the Arab armies. Zubayr and Talha departed Medina (the capital of the nascent Arab empire) for Mecca and found ample support against Ali. Although the Tang maintained their garrisons in modern Xinjiang for some years, the region remained independent of Chinese rule until the Qing Dynasty (16441912). Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. As this force left, the Arabian Peninsula broke into an open rebellion. The two Muhammads first clashed in 1204 with Muhammad of Ghur as the victor. Web. In reality, however, Muhammad did not die until 1206, long after his armies overran and absorbed Prithvirajs realm into the Ghurid Empire. The Ghurids, however, held onto their Indian territory. Women were now secluded and veiled as the number of slave women increased. This information is from Document A. 2023 . In 1204, Muhammad had to focus his attention back in Afghanistan. Although the Islamic world is often viewed in monolithic termsone massive entityin reality, it was too large and too divisive to exist as a single entity. Rustems plan was to hold the east bank of the Euphrates, forcing the Arabs to come to him and into the cultivated lands of the empire, where all of the advantages were to the benefit of the Persians. Although Muslim forces had made good progress against the Sasanids, Rustemthe Sasanid general in chargesuccessfully pushed them back into the Arabian Desert. During his unification of al-Andalus, Abd al-Rahman had to deal with an invasion from the Christian kingdoms of Navarre and Leon. Of course, this force could be increased by levies and auxiliaries. He also increased the authority of the government over the frequently autonomous Turkic tribes. Elephants, collected as tribute from Indian princes or as plunder, were also extensively used in battle. However, Alp Arslan found outlets for the tribes frustration by directing them against neighboring Christian states as well as the (Shia Muslim) Fatimid caliphate in Egypt and Syria. The founder of a major religion typically is not a military leader. In conclusion, Islam had a strong reputation for being welcoming and ones who embraces Islam benefitted. The expanse of Islamic trade had a direct result on the spread of the Islam religion. The rulers son fled and submitted to the Arabs. Spanish warrior and hero Exhaustion of the Opposing Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Empire as a Factor for Early Muslim Conquest. Furthermore, a Berber revolt in North Africa threatened Umayyad control in North Africa. With the Saxons in revolt, Charlemagne needed to return north, so he left without gaining the city. The downside of this was that more nomads entered the empire from Central Asia. With the defeat of the nobility of southern France in 732, Muslim raiders had drifted further north seeking more plunder. Medina is where Muhammad began his military career, mainly out of self-defense. Their reasons for doing so are not fully understood. While initially they had just raided, over time they also cut Byzantine routes of communication by seizing the bridge that crossed the Yarmuk River. It is questionable if they ever had more than one hundred thousand soldiers at any given point in the entire kingdom. Instead, the conflict at Roncesvalles was a battle between the Franks and the Basque. Belief in Islam and also the desire to glorify the new religion encouraged the Muslim armies to win their fights, and when the empire began to expand so did the religion of Islam. Submitted by Syed Muhammad Khan, published on 25 June 2020. Don Pelayo and his men prayed to the Virgin Mary for protection and then came out to fight the Muslims. Ali was one of the first converts to Islam, and because of this, he was one of Muhammads trusted companions. We want people all over the world to learn about history. Among the top-ranking Muslim officers there were two ministers, one governor and several district officers; there were 41 high-ranking Muslim officers in the army, including two generals and several colonels,[60] and 92 Muslims were senior officers in the police, judiciary, legal department and supply and store departments. While Mahmud encouraged the spread of Islam into India, he only acted as a ghazi during war. The rebels left Mecca with three thousand men and headed toward Basra in southern Iraq where Talha and Zubayr had additional supporters. Finally, Mahmud depicted himself in his correspondence with Baghdad as a ghazi, or holy warrior, as he campaigned not only against Hindus in India, but also against Shia elements in Iran. Considering that the Arabs on either side had no siege expertise, this was revolutionary. Although the elephants were intimidating, the primary arm of the military was the cavalry, including heavy and light forces. Nonetheless, the Muslims continued their siege despite the hardships. The Umayyad Caliphate became one of the largest unitary states in history and one of the few states to ever extend direct rule over three continents. None will be killed, harassed, taken prisoner, nor separated from their family. For the Umayyads, the resounding defeat and series of natural disasters eroded the confidence of many of its subjects. In this absence, the Muslim commander Abu Ubaid al-Thaqafi, moving against the advice of Muthanna, gave battle to a strong Sassanian force and faced a crushing defeat at the Battle of the Bridge (October 634 CE). Harlow, UK: Longman, 2003. Resentment to this played a role in the rebellions. Muawiya effectively took hold of the region and solidified Muslim control over it, and later on, during the reign of Uthman, his cousin and the third caliph (r. 644-656 CE), he conquered all of Armenia (653-655 CE). Forced to deal with this growing menace to his realm, Masud led his army from Afghanistan toward the city of Merv. Muhammads depredations on the caravans had increased, so a new Meccan force of three thousand men was sent to deal with the marauders. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! In the end, Zubayr and Talha died and Ali was victorious. Unlike his own rise to the throne, Sebuktigin envisioned a hereditary successor, namely one of his sons. Instead, he listened to the rank and file and settled for arbitration. Do you think this document is a reliable source for determining how the caliphates expanded in the 7th and 8th centuries? In combat, Greek fire was spread through a nozzle that sprayed it with a high velocity. Muhammad learned from his previous encounter with the Indians and invaded again in 1192, so the two rulers fought at Tarain once more. He no longer insisted on whether Ali supported the murders of Uthman, but whether Ali should be the caliph. Thus he also had to deal with other Indian rajputs (princely rulers), such as the Chalukyas of Gujarat and the Chandellas of Jejakbhukti. While some zealous leaders attempted conversion at sword point, this was not very effective; most converts in this manner would resume their original religious practices as soon as the threat was removed.

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