WebPage 4 of 15 co-residence. terms of travel time and distance has to be borne by the urban dwellers. Our proposition is that the current focus on the nuclear family system in Ghanaian cities (Agyemang et al., 2018; Dzramedo et al., 2018) leads to and sustains a They sought to address the physical. However, the picture is highly contrasted between less (76.1%) and more urbanized areas (21.3%). As discussed in earlier chapters, urbanization in Ghana has not been driven by an agricultural revolution and the development of a labor-intensive manufacturing sector but by rapid growth in the services sector. employment opportunities, wealth creation leading to increase in income, municipal x}[sGrf$ Fid3}pl_6y];3[]YeH`AGgoCT_o=_|:t3~l:T7F}370L7oovw_iGwuwqC5,u>?'w}wn w?u]_qmIawa}wq]3C\xpR;h]j`)O8L^t 9Y`KwzWvz?} tUm+o6y>z{RPt_Oq"(oPUu\}W~mW$cK Urbanization has involved the growth of large cities, but more so the development of small cities and towns throughout the country. It is therefore prudent that Ghana adheres to the national urban policy to deal with By: Paul Kwasi Violence in families is a consequence of the changes that have occurred, resulting in the instability of the family unit. The affordable housing units which were dotted across the towns and This chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. Municipal authorities should put in place implementation The extended family provided the individual with a personal and corporeal identity. As urban areas grow the population shifts from rural to urban areas, which is an example of how society adapts to change. WebWhat those figures suggest, both for Ghana as a whole and for other urban areas, is a slight worsening in poverty between 1988 and 1989, with a modest improvement up to 1992. and help fight climate change are being utilised for commercial and residential purposes. So far, we have looked at bivariate relationships between urbanization and use of modern inputs. Membership in families varies in different African communities from adopted and fostered children to servants, slaves and their children, as among the Baganda of Uganda. Accra. travels. But how have these welfare gains been spatially distributed, and how do they relate to urbanization? During 2005/6 to 2012/13 there was an overall decline in the share of rural households with farmland, which was greater in the South than North (from 80 percent to 71 percent in the South and 91 percent to 89 percent in the North). Through various rites of passage, one progressively became a fuller member of society and took on a role in ensuring the survival of the group through marriage and procreation. These trends are similar in both the North and South. In this section we explore how the changes in poverty are related to the urbanization, by disaggregating poverty rates according to our urban district typology. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. | Irondale, AL 35210 |. are not able to afford the cost of a plot of land due to urbanisation. In addition to migration to urban areas, there has been widespread diversification of rural households into the rural nonfarm economy on a full- or part-time basis. We distinguish between the agriculturally dominant north, comprising the regions of Brong Ahafo, Northern, Upper East, and Upper West, which we call the North. Additionally, areas zoned for greenery open space to give aesthetic beauty to the urban landscape From 1850 to 1900 America completely changed from its agricultural state into a new industry based society. Resilient and competitive urban areas depend on rapid, reliable and efficient transportation Urbanization is affecting this pattern, though. cities by the erstwhile government during the 2000s in Ghana to address the housing needs of the Although the South covers a much smaller land area than the North, the 2010 census shows that 73 percent of the total population and 63 percent of the rural population live in the South. The findings illustrate that urbanization is increasing the share of rural households in the nonfarm economy, and contributed to a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the north. Poverty has fallen in both the North and South of the country, but proportionally more so in the North. In Ghana, urban livelihoods depend on the transportation system and The latter included farm size group, type of household head (youth, gender, level of education), the degree of urbanization of the districts in which the households live (using our district typology), and a set of infrastructural variables such as access to markets, public transportation, or electricity at the rural community level. However, it does seem that many households whose members primary occupations lie outside agriculture are still engaged in farming as a secondary or part-time occupation. 8e^o\^CB7.89u*.j`w~m>`;94d7mwhF] 0ypY K,,}f1~I&f1@ ;_'~cQq_W`IW%O8qr ON z @} {x`"wh H+(Ii hayuh]l@?Lq vfL3H!* 'C*Sac overconcentration of growth and development in a few cities; weak urban economy; land-use This therefore calls for pragmatic urban planning Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent years and more than half the total population now lives in urban areas. The main observation concerns the shift to a service economy of urbanized Africa: the most urbanized areas employ 52.6% of workers in services, the less urbanized areas 17.8%. Mechanization. The probit results for the use of herbicides/insecticides, hiring labor and use of mechanization also show that the smaller the farm size, the less likely they are to be used. dSqR'!+@'^<6=+G}W_>&CJJ8osh+|J^K CLYn=\;fWG%~u1yj4oxK6ePm}C1}|X3 }qi-@sn"b drhJf. The controversy regarding the effects of urbanization on family relations in industrialized nations has been paralleled by a debate among students of Latin America. Urbanization is basically the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in the urban areas or a specific area, and the ways in how the society adapts to it. Population and Housing Census 2000. This problem is being handled by increasing border patrol and improve the Visa work program. With the largest and one of the most rapidly growing cities in sub-Saharan Africa, Ghana has experienced the phenomenon of urbanization as thoroughly as any African nation, but its experience has also been unique - in scale, in pervasiveness, and in historical, According to Yeboah et al (2013, p1), the current definition of urban in Ghana is problematic for two reasons [ ]. As cities and towns grow, municipal Therefore, the chapter develops a spatial typology of seven types of districts based on their city population size and location in the north or south of the country and examines the share of households employed in agriculture, nonagriculture, or both across these different district types. Slum dwellers choices of livelihood activities are restricted under various socio-economic and planning constraints. In South Africa, Apartheid policies in many forms directly impacted family cohesion and reinforced the destructive influences that migrant labour, urbanization and industrialization had on the family. WebThe size of the urban settlements has increased, thereby putting pressure on the local resources and influencing other relationships. Moreover, the majority of the total population lives in districts with cities of at least 40,000 people in both regions; 40 percent of the rural population also lives in such districts. WHO Expert Committee on housing to be provided. There has been a modest but surprising decline in the shares of agriculture/non-agriculture mixed rural households in both North and South (Table 5.2). ^*ykZ^?]_f@C7Vnio~?Hm+?k}az84?6l6fjkyS/T)E~Fe&V/8MMW_UusKJAD=vw[wD\gy1k]uhJ1~>`/a& In this paper, the authors examined the effects Between the North and South informal manufacturing is also more prevalent in less urbanized areas in the North, as much of it involves small-scale food processing for the local market. In examining these relationships, the authors recognize that there have been distinct spatial patterns of urbanization in Ghana, and urbanization has not affected agriculture equally throughout the country. The spatial morphology of urban areas cannot be Urbanisation in All rights reserved. societies especially since the last century. Population densities by district group, 2000 and 2010 (people/km, Distribution of rural households by agricultural, nonagricultural, and mixed occupations across district groups (each type of districts total rural households = 100), Types of primary employment amongst non-agriculture-only households, by district type, 2000 and 2010, Rural poverty rate in the north and south across district groups, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2005/6, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using organic and inorganic fertilizer, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using herbicides or insecticides, 2012/13, Share of rural households using mechanization, 2012/13, Probit model regressions for input use, pooled data of GLSS5 and GLSS6, Scoping Study on the Evolution of Industry in Ghana. Input-use patterns appear to be more strongly associated with the need to save labor because of rising wages and by the growth of medium-sized farms. The dominant feature of African families is the ability to make new things out of the old and to draw forth new solutions from the traditional resources of family institutions. WebAs discussed in earlier chapters, urbanization in Ghana has not been driven by an agricultural revolution and the development of a labor-intensive manufacturing sector but by rapid Many marriages are now neolocal, where couples live far from their families. its effects on Ghanaian towns and cities. Binswanger-Mkhize, H., T. Johnson, P. Samboko, and L. You. The family in Africa is a complex institution and one cannot describe it without falling into the trap of generalizations and reductionism. Families offer many On average, 37.1% of the total is in that sector. The cultural, social and moral norms of the community that were applied within the extended family helped an individual to grow into a productive and respected member of the community. Urbanization without industrialization is a major feature in Ghana, as elsewhere in much of Africa. In the traditional pre-colonial society, polygamy was practiced and such marriages contributed to the extension of family relationships by incorporating many people. There is no consistent pattern of mechanization across levels of urbanization in the South. Urbanization has had important impacts on rural livelihoods, increasing the share of rural households engaged in the nonfarm economy. Gentrification can be described as the conversion of working class residential areas into middle class residential areas. association between urbanisation and socio-economic development requires that every effort that the output of the implementation of the policy could be measured. The chapter further tests the induced innovation hypothesis, which predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices. Informal trade is more prevalent than informal manufacturing, and more so in 2010 than in 2000. Although there have been widespread accounts of families abandoning key traditional practices in favour of modern ones, the major trend remains the creation of marriage and family organization that draw on both traditional and modern norms. WebThe maintenance of large households and extended family relations is seen as being inimical to urbanization and industrialization. Urbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. WebThe Effects of Urbanization: The Music of the Kasena People of Ghana Music plays a vital role in the lives of many people in Ghana. Big city districts are those that contain parts of Accra and Kumasi, and hence are only in the South, 2nd-tier city districts are those with cities of between 100,000 and 500,000 people, which are located in both the North and South, 3rd-tier city districts are those with cities containing between 40,000 and 100,000 people, and non-city districts are those with no settlement of over 40,000 people. It was possibly where one learned about God, spirits, ancestors and the afterlife. Gender-based violence affects people of all classes, creeds, races and ethnicities. While predicted probabilities of fertilizer, herbicide/insecticide and mechanization use are higher in 2012/13, they are lower for hired labor use. A more recent and opposing view point is that it is possible to main tain significant kinship relations within the urban, industrial setting. Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. Ghana has always been relatively urbanized compared to other African countries. municipal services. A large number of children grow up in female-headed families with little or no financial support. Some of these studies predict that the extended family will disappear altogether. Thus, while many rural households have switched entirely from agriculture to non-agriculture, a declining share of rural households are straddling the two sectors through their primary occupations. Further insights can be obtained by using regression techniques to unravel more complex multivariate relationships. and information on urban centres. Note: the households that did not report any primary job are not reported in the table; therefore, the sum of the three groups does not equal 100. Apparently, the trend is for farming in the most urbanized districts to be undertaken by small-scale units. Other transport problems associated with Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 6 (GLSS 6). For less urbanized areas, agriculture value added is 41.8% but only 10.0% in more urbanized areas. state are channeled into addressing that flooding situation which that disaster could have been stream (FAIR, Urbanization may be driven by local or global economic and social changes, and most of the time is the product of industrialization. Due to urbanisation, many of the municipal services can now only be accessed at the Accra. The land market has also been affected tremendously as urban dwellers While it accounts for 18.3% in the less urbanized areas, it accounts for 39.0% in the most urbanized areas. Urbanization is a process that has occurred, or is occurring, in nearly every part of the world that humans have inhabited. As in the North, there were gains for rural households in non-city districts, suggesting that increased urbanization has helped some of the benefits from Ghanas economic transformation trickle down to the most rural of households. 1987; Binswanger and McIntire 1987; McIntire et al. The industrial revolution is the best example of this transformation to urban life, people wanted to upgrade their standard of living. First, are patterns of rural employment in Ghana changing with urbanization and are those changes related in any systematic way with proximity to urban centers of different sizes? The individual existed in connection to a larger group, including his or her wider family. The traditional African family which is known to be agrarian, polygamous and extended has undergone changes where nuclear and asymmetrical types have emerged; family support for the Their focus was on how the increase in urbanism during the time of the Industrial Revolution was magnifying contemporary social problems. Analyzing Trends in Herbicide Use in Sub-Saharan Africa. have confronted this demographic explosion, urban management has become all the more Second, does proximity to different-sized urban centers have any impact on patterns of agricultural intensification? Factors that influenced the rural-urbanization shift vary greatly but the evidence is documented, its became more apparent that time alone is not bringing more people to the rural areas of Canada. Even though the changes during urbanization did not come easily due to immense diversity, they still paved the way to modern day America. However, the marginal effect is positive for hiring labor among female-headed households, possibly due to the labor constraints such households face. challenging amid the current trend toward decentralization. regional and global levels. One acquired his or her identity from the group and depended on the group for physical and social survival. therefore made the cost of transport services very expensive due to the number of hours spent on Population and Housing Census 2010. However, the census data do not capture secondary or part-time occupations, so it is possible that more rural households have maintained a mixed strategy than shown in Table 5.2, but on a part-time basis. These are mapped in Figure 5.3. Urbanization has diversified rural livelihood opportunities, leading to significant growth in the share of rural households engaged primarily in the nonfarm economy. Among the three variables related to market access or public infrastructure, the marginal effect of input use is positive only for the access to public transportation variable. Of course this has brought many benefits, but resulting factors such as urbanization and the hunger for industrial and global economic growth has led to many problems, not the least of which is climate change. In the event of difficulties and conflicts, separation and divorce have become the norm. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions and communication strategy; inadequate urban investment and financing; weak urban degeneration of livelihoods especially the urban poor. One was assigned to a particular community and was assigned distinct roles at various stages of life on the basis of age, gender and social status. the low income earners. In the probit analysis, female-headed households have a lower probability of using modern inputs, which is consistent with many other studies (Quisumbing 1995). of human society and economy. The poverty rate declined in both regions between 2005/6 and 2012/13, but fell proportionally more in the North than in the South (by 15.3 percent and 9.1 percent, respectively). We now examine changes in the structure of rural employment across the seven district groups. We know from earlier chapters that average per capita incomes have grown significantly in Ghana with the economic transformation, that the national poverty rate has fallen, and that a variety of other social welfare indicators (e.g., literacy, mortality rates) have also improved (Chapters 2 and 4). Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. The following outlines some of the Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghanawhy are some countries governed as federal states Similar especially drivers, it has enormously impacted negatively on the livelihoods of ordinary urban the expansion of their boundaries. In the North, the level of mechanization is significantly higher in the 2nd-tier city districts than other districts, particularly among smallholders with less than 2 ha of land. Towns and cities perform various functions not only for the The size of the land area held by such households is small, mostly less than 2 hectares. The lower use in the South is possibly due to the problems with tree stumps in the forest zone. Another general result is that households are poorer than nonagricultural households in both regions, a pattern that did not change between 2005/6 and 2012/13. Similar patterns of change occurred on average in both the North and South. endstream endobj 133 0 obj<> endobj 135 0 obj<> endobj 136 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 137 0 obj<> endobj 138 0 obj<> endobj 139 0 obj[/ICCBased 151 0 R] endobj 140 0 obj<> endobj 141 0 obj<> endobj 142 0 obj<> endobj 143 0 obj<>stream During the 1920s many groups migrated to cities, these included immigrants settling there and farms who had left the fields. fares are exorbitant. Agricultural value added shows the same pattern: in developed countries it is around 2% of GDP, but in Africa is still very high at 30.5%. This development has increased surface runoff, key antecedents Despite internal differences between urban and rural settings and among African regions, the slow economic growth rates and the mismatch between educational outcomes and labour opportunities have compelled smaller family size. I have chosen as a basis for the discussion in this paper two sociological theories relevant to the relations between religion and urbanization. Mapping Division, among others charged with the responsibility of regulating and managing XAsiYvPeI{[nPuraXi:" E9z Cities such as Accra, Kumasi, Tema and Note: Agricultural employment share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods. In essence, these are traits attributed from an extended family household where critics such as Kwasi (2022) and ACMC (2022) further elucidate advantages from the Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent decades, through the development of many secondary and small cities as well as through growth of large cities, particularly in the South of the country. In the regression, we only include the rural households of which agriculture is the primary occupations for all or some family members, since for most households defined as non-agriculture-only in Section 5.3any agricultural activity appears to be part-time.

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