Most of their replacements were not consecrated until December 1559 or early 1560. When not in use, it was to be oriented north to south, the same as an altar. Unlike the majority of her subjects Elizabeth had no appetite for further reformation . [51], Many parishes were slow to comply with the injunctions. However, it had two major weaknesses: membership loss as church papists conformed fully to the Church of England, and a shortage of priests. Related Content The Holy Scriptures contain "all things necessary for salvation. The outbreak of Protestant radicalism during the English Civil War challenged ideas of inclusion and tolerance within the church. - Elizabeth proclaimed that she did not wish to made windows into men's souls. Large numbers of deans, archdeacons, cathedral canons, and academics (mostly from Oxford but also from Cambridge) lost their positions. The first act passed by the House of Commons in February 1559 joined together a bill of supremacy, establishing Queen Elizabeth I as head of the church, with one of uniformity, dealing with the type of faith and service. Anne gave birth to Henry's daughter; Elizabeth I and Henry was undoubtedly disappointed again. [93] It called for the church to be organised according to presbyterian polity. "It was worthwhile for Elizabeth's government to throw the Lutherans a few theological scraps, and the change also chimed with the queen's personal inclination to Lutheran views on eucharistic presence. [107] Due to their belief in free will, this new faction is known as the Arminian party, but their high church orientation was more controversial. Although it did not heal the divide brought on by the Reformation, it did stabilize the Church of England, and many of the religious decisions made during the Elizabethan Settlement period remain part of the Anglican church today. Anyone suspected of not recognising Elizabeth as head of the Church would now find themselves before a new court, the Court of High Commission. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. With bishops, however, only one agreed to take the oath and all the others had to step down. The eldest Aqa A-Level History: The Tudors: England 1485-1603. She pledged not to interfere in issues of Church doctrine but only focus on administration. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Queen Elizabeth was in attendance for the opening speech which was delivered by Nicholas Bacon, the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. Taxes that had been paid to Rome were, as before Mary's reign, redirected to the English government. [90], In 1572, a bill was introduced in the Queen's 4th Parliament that would allow Protestants, with their bishop's permission, to omit ceremonies from the 1559 prayer book, and bishops would be further empowered to license clergymen to use the French and Dutch stranger church liturgies. When Edward VI died, his sister Mary I became queen. Fig. Some Catholic religious opposition was not constraint to England, but failed to affect the successful establishment of Elizabeth's religious settlement. In addition, the liturgy remained "more elaborate and more reminiscent of older liturgical forms" and "took no account of developments in Protestant thinking after the early 1550s". The remaining bishops were all Catholics appointed during Mary's reign, and Elizabeth's advisers hoped they could be persuaded to continue serving. Others refused to conform. When Parliament reconvened in April, the two issues were presented separately and considerable concessions were made. Create and find flashcards in record time. The Thirty-nine Articles were not intended as a complete statement of the Christian faith but of the position of the Church of England in relation to the Catholic Church and dissident Protestants. She envisioned a church rooted in traditional religious practices but upheld essential Protestant elements such as clerical marriage, Bibles in the vernacular language, and offering both kinds of communion (bread and wine) to all. Essay on Elizabeth's religious settlement. During Henry's reign, the Church of England went semi-Lutheran in 1537, asserting that justification by faith alone was central to doctrine and that the church should eliminate saint worship. Before 1574, most laymen were not made to take the Oath of Supremacy and the 12d fine for missing a service was poorly enforced. Neither France nor Spain reacted to the changes, perhaps believing that they were as temporary as they hoped Elizabeth's reign would be. Marks: 16 marks + 4 marks SPAG. [25][26], Following the Queen's failure to grant approval to the previous bill, Parliament reconvened in April 1559. However, this stance hardened over time. [4] The doctrines of purgatory, prayer for the dead and the intercession of saints were also rejected during this time. This act ignited the English Reformation and established a unique form of Protestantism known as Anglicanism as the official religion. The Religious Settlement was an effort by Elizabeth I to unite the country. Quentin Metsys the Younger (Public Domain). [92] While Parliament still met, Thomas Wilcox and John Field published An Admonition to the Parliament that condemned "Popish abuses yet remaining in the English Church" and episcopal polity. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. Symbolic of the general compromises going on, priests could place a crucifix and candles on the table. [35], The most significant revision was a change to the Communion Service that added the words for administering sacramental bread and wine from the 1549 prayer book to the words in the 1552 book. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Elizabeth had to also concede to the radical Protestants and so she introduced a new Book of Common Prayer in 1559 CE which was not quite as radical as Thomas Cranmer's 1552 CE version but more so than the more moderate 1549 CE version. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and permission to use traditional priestly vestments. This group was led by Richard Neile of Durham and became known as the Durham House group. The successful defence of the Kingdom against invasion on such an unprecedented scale boosted the prestige of England's Queen Elizabeth I and encouraged a sense of English pride and nationalism. By the 1580s, conformist Protestants (termed "parish anglicans" by Christopher Haigh and "Prayer Book protestants" by Judith Maltby) were becoming a majority. His rise to power has been identified with a "conservative reaction" against Puritanism. World History Encyclopedia. Parker was a prominent scholar and had served as chaplain to Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn. "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement." Unlike in other Protestant states, the old Catholic structure of the Church below the sovereign was maintained with the bishops organised in a hierarchy. Examples of permissible music included metrical psalms and liturgical texts such as the Te Deum. Most of the other posts went to Marian exiles such as Edmund Grindal for London, Richard Cox for Ely, John Jewel for Salisbury, William Barlow for Chichester and John Scory for Hereford. [77], In 1569, the Revolt of the Northern Earls attempted to overthrow England's Protestant regime. The Elizabethan settlement of 1559 also known as the Elizabethan Religious Settlement contained a middle way solution to the Catholicism and Protestantism. The bishops struggled for decades to impose the prayer book and Injunctions on reluctant parishes. The Church will not prohibit oath-taking by Christians for civic purposes. Likewise, Elizabethan Puritans abandoned the hopeless cause of presbyterianism to focus on less controversial pursuits. The queen's precise personal views on religion were difficult to determine. Episcopacy was replaced with a semi-presbyterian system. The English Reformation began with Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 Mary, Queen of Scots was the queen of both Scotland (r. 1542-1567 Mary I of England reigned as queen from 1553 to 1558 CE. [54], Music in the Church of England was limited to biblical texts and music sung during worship in the early church. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement is the name given to the religious and political arrangements made for England during the reign of Elizabeth I (15581603). [89] These Puritans were not without influence, enjoying the support of powerful men such as the Earl of Leicester, Walter Mildmay, Francis Walsingham, the Earl of Warwick and William Cecil. Instead of treating these objects as being transformed into the body and blood of Jesus Christ when blessed by a Catholic priest, the Protestant preacher merely encouraged the believer to take them as a reminder of Christ's sacrifice. Take a closer look with the unique Van de Velde drawings collection, How habitable are Jupiter's icy moons? The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a collection of laws and decisions concerning religious practices introduced between 1558-63 CE by Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. [45], According to the injunctions, church images that were superstitiously abused were condemned as idolatry, but the commissioners mandated the destruction of all pictures and images. [27] Under this bill, the Pope's jurisdiction in England was once again abolished, and Elizabeth was to be Supreme Governor of the Church of England instead of supreme head. [41] During this time, Calvinist clergy held the best bishoprics and deaneries. It was a good start but finding the balance between radicals on either side of the religious debate was going to be more difficult than mere wordplay. The specific words were: The body of our Lord Jesus Christ which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life, and take, and eat this, in remembrance that Christ died for thee, feed on him in thine heart by faith and thanksgiving. The reforms included allowing clerics to marry and denying transubstantiation. Both attempts failed, mainly because of the Queen's opposition. Most people in Elizabethan England were Catholic, but the majority of the government was Protestant. Help our mission to provide free history education to the world! Rycote Chapel, OxfordshirePeter Reed (CC BY-NC) [17] Her Privy Council was filled with former Edwardian politicians, and only Protestants preached at Court. Made Elizabeth I Supreme Governor of the Church. [64][pageneeded] In 1571, Convocation finalised the Thirty-nine Articles. There was opposition to the moderate features of the Settlement from both radical Catholics and radical Protestants. After Queen Mary I died in 1558, Elizabeth I became queen. A revised supremacy bill had passed the House of Commons before the recess but had been . This act stipulated what the interior of churches should look like. Henry dissolved the English monasteries and seized their assets, causing widespread unrest. Elizabeth was seemingly a moderate in religious views and she wished above all to avoid the bloody scenes of executed martyrs that her predecessor had presided over. [33] The rubric provided instructions for clerical vestments, stating that until the Queen ordered otherwise ministers were to "use such ornaments as were in use by the authority of Parliament in the second year of the reign of King Edward VI". [74] In 1568, the English College at Douai was founded to provide a Catholic education to young Englishmen and, eventually, to train a new leadership for a restored Catholic Church in England. Article 34, for example, stated the following: It is not necessary that Traditions and Ceremonies be in all places one, or utterly alike; for at all times they have been divers, and may be changed according to the diversities of countries, times and men's manners, so [provided] that nothing be ordained against God's WordEvery particular or national church hath authority to ordain, change, and abolish ceremonies or rites of the Church. Protestants thought the settlement did not provide enough reform. Every church had to have a Bible in English available to its congregation, no further altars were to be destroyed, and pilgrimages were banned. In addition to the English College at Douai, a seminary was established at Rome and two more established in Spain. 30 Apr 2023. The bill was hotly debated but eventually passed by three votes. Implemented between 1559 and 1563, the settlement is considered the end of the English Reformation, permanently shaping the theology and liturgy of the Church of England and laying the foundations of Anglicanism's unique identity. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was contained in two acts - the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. The Act of Uniformity of 1559 re-introduced the Book of Common Prayer from Edward's reign, which contained the liturgical services of the church. [47] Other provisions of the Royal Injunctions were out of step with the Edwardian Reformation and displayed the Queen's conservative preferences. This was particularly evident between 1565 and 1567 during the Vestments controversy over the refusal of some clergy to wear the clerical dress required by the Royal Injunctions. What were the main features of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? However, as a result of the Northern Rebellion, excommunication by the Pope and challenge of MQS, E was forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics. A debate was scheduled during the Easter recess between a team of Catholics and a team of Protestants, with the Privy Council as judge and Bacon as Chairman. As the older generation of recusant priests died out, Roman Catholicism collapsed among the lower classes in the north, west and in Wales. . [60], Devotional singing at home was shared between family and friends. The Church of England's refusal to adopt the patterns of the Continental Reformed churches deepened conflict between Protestants who desired greater reforms and church authorities who prioritised conformity. A large number of the Parliament, who were still Catholic, opposed the bill, and it was eventually only passed by three votes: 21 to 18. One of the most visible differences from traditional Catholic churches was the replacement of the altar with a communion table. How successful was the Elizabethan religious settlement? Subsequently, two Catholics, John Felton and John Story, were executed for treason. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Few thought this was the rubric's meaning, however. The queen was determined to see the act enforced and sent inspectors around the parishes for that purpose. [82], The Queen's excommunication and the arrival of the seminary priests brought a change in government policy toward recusants. The reforms may have been mild but they were enough for the Pope to eventually excommunicate the queen for heresy in February 1570 CE. It did not help that the church's Supreme Head was easily influenced, highly paranoid, and dangerously erratic. Afterwards, executions of Catholic priests became more common, and in 1585, it became treason for a Catholic priest to enter the country, as well as for anyone to aid or shelter him. [44], In the summer of 1559, the government conducted a royal visitation of the dioceses. [67], Gradually, England was transformed into a Protestant country as the prayer book shaped Elizabethan religious life. Elizabeth accepted the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England upon her ascension in 1558. [97] The majority of conformists were part of the Reformed consensus that included the Puritans; what divided the parties were disputes over church government. All members of the Church had to take the oath of supremacy under the Act of Supremacy if they were to keep their posts. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Elizabeth was a Protestant, but not a zealous one as her brother Edward VI had been. As the queen put it, she would "open windows into no man's soul" (Woodward, 171). [36] When communicants received the bread, they would hear the words, "The body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life [1549]. During the 1560s, this generally proved to be the case with . [115], Diarmaid MacCulloch states that Hooker's writings helped to create an "Anglican synthesis". [109] The English Civil War resulted in the overthrow of Charles I, and a Puritan dominated Parliament began to dismantle the Elizabethan Settlement. The Church of England was then moved even closer towards full Protestantism under Henry's successor, his son Edward VI of England (r. 1547-1553 CE). [67] Over time, however, this "survivalist Catholicism" was undermined by pressures to conform, giving way to an underground Catholicism completely separate from the Church of England. They tried to push more Protestant-leaning reforms in 1566 but failed. "[78] By the late 1560s, recusancy was becoming more common. She kept her crucifix and candles and dropped her plans to restore roods. [117] The preface to the 1662 prayer book defined the Church of England as a via media "between the two extremes of too much stiffness in refusing and of too much easiness in admitting any variation". World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. John Calvin, an influential Continental reformer, had called Henry VIII's claim to supreme headship blasphemy. As for the manner of their service in church and their prayers, except that they say them in the English tongue, one can still recognise a great part of the Mass, which they have limited only in what concerns individual communion. Crime and Punishment in Industrial Britain, Advantages of North and South in Civil War, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Civil War Military Strategies of North and South, Environmental Effects of The Columbian Exchange, Native Americans in the Revolutionary War. Clergy were to wear the surplice (rather than cope or chasuble) for services. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. 'Bloody Mary's' brief reign was ended by cancer, and her half-sister Elizabeth took the throne in 1558 CE. This was by no means a simple task as, in these early stages, nobody quite knew what Anglicism precisely was except that it was not Catholicism or extreme Protestantism but somewhere in-between. It included the Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, a new Book of Common Prayer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles. Haigh argues that the Act of Uniformity "produced an ambiguous Book of Common Prayer: a liturgical compromise which allowed priests to perform the Church of England communion with Catholic regalia, standing in the Catholic position, and using words capable of Catholic interpretation". Like the Puritans, Andrewes engaged in his own brand of nonconformity. . While most people conformed, a minority of recusants remained loyal Roman Catholics. 1559-60: 400 Catholic clergymen who served under Mary I resign. The hybrid thus created was a compromise that left numerous issues unresolved. Catherine of Aragon was Henry VIII's brother's wife. Edward died at age seventeen in 1533, and England's official religion suffered dramatic changes again. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation passed from 1559 to 1571 that intended to provide a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. Please donate to our server cost fundraiser 2023, so that we can produce more history articles, videos and translations. [85] In England, however, Protestants were forced to operate within a church structure unchanged since medieval times with the same threefold orders of bishop, priest and deacon along with church courts that continued to use medieval canon law. When his request was denied, Henry separated the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church and claimed that he, rather than the pope, was its supreme head on earth. Help us and translate this article into another language! It remains a unique institution that treads between Catholicism and Protestantism known in other regions. The religious settlement began to be implemented in the summer of 1559. Cartwright, Mark. [91], By 1572, the debate between Puritans and conformists had entered a new phasechurch government had replaced vestments as the major issue. Elizabeth's efforts led to the Religious Settlement, a legal process by which the Protestant Church of England was restored and the queen took the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England. He refused, so the Queen left the chapel before the consecration. When Elizabeth inherited the throne, England was bitterly divided between Catholics and Protestants as a result of various religious changes initiated by Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. Henry VIII had broken from the Roman Catholic Church and the authority of the pope, becoming Supreme Head of the Church of England. Christians must not make oaths for civic duty. All Christians may receive the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper. The Elizabethan Settlement did not heal the divide between Protestants and Catholics. The Elizabethan Clergy and the Settlement of Religion, 1558-1564. This change of title placated those who did not feel that a woman could be the head of the church, and the act passed fairly easily. After his wife, Catherine of Aragon, failed to produce a male heir, Henry applied to the pope for an annulment of his marriage. Anglicans started to define their Church as a via media or middle way between the religious extremes of Catholicism and Protestantism; Arminianism and Calvinism; and high church and low church. [29], The bill easily passed the House of Commons. Why did Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church? [40] Across the nation, parishes paid to have roods, images and altar tabernacles removed, which they had only recently paid to restore under Queen Mary. This pressure meant that the Act was passed by Parliament but only by the slightest of majorities. James I tried to balance the Puritan forces within his church with followers of Andrewes, promoting many of them at the end of his reign. [32] This made it easier for priests to "counterfeit" the Mass without risking arrest. Through the 1580s, Puritans were organised enough to conduct what were essentially covert national synods. [99] Whitgift's demands produced widespread turmoil, and around 400 ministers were suspended for refusal to subscribe. The next step followed quick on the heels of the first and was the May 1559 CE Act of Uniformity. [7] Christ's Real Presence in the Eucharist was no longer explained by the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation; instead, the 1552 Book of Common Prayer promoted the Reformed teaching of Christ's spiritual presence. How far do you agree? Mary died in November 1558 without a Catholic heir, leaving the throne to the Protestant Elizabeth. In 1581, a new law made it treason to be absolved from schism and reconciled with Rome and the fine for recusancy was increased to 20 per month (50 times an artisan's wage). In 1560, the bishops specified that the cope should be worn when administering the Lord's Supper and the surplice at all other times. Books World History Encyclopedia, 02 Jun 2020. There were 10,000 parishes in England at this time so this shows that the religious settlement was largely successful . Yes and no. She disliked married clergy, held Lutheran views on Eucharistic presence, and there is evidence she preferred the more ceremonial 1549 prayer book. Cartwright, M. (2020, June 02). William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (1520-1598 CE) was Elizabeth Thomas Cranmer served as the first Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury Elizabeth I reigned as queen of England from 1558 to 1603 CE. The Elizabethan Settlement provided the foundation for the Church of England, much of which is still in place today. After the Restoration in 1660, the Settlement was restored, and the Puritans were forced out of the Church of England. Most parish clergy kept their posts, but it is not clear to what degree they conformed. In Mary's reign, these religious policies were reversed, England was re-united with the Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism was suppressed. During this time, motets were replaced by anthems,[55] and William Byrd's Great Service was composed for the royal chapel and cathedrals. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. All of the leading clergymen were Protestants and former exiles (Robert Horne, Thomas Becon, Thomas Bentham, John Jewel, Edwin Sandys, and Richard Davies), and they interpreted the injunctions in the most Protestant way possible. [14] He argues the modifications were most likely meant to appease domestic and foreign Lutheran Protestants who opposed the memorialist view originating from reformed Zurich. The Elizabethan . From there they wrote and published a large body of Catholic polemical work to counter Protestantism, particularly Thomas Harding, Richard Smyth, and William Allen. Mary was just as passionate a Catholic as Edward had been Protestant. Immediately after becoming Queen, she created the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. They looked to the Church Fathers rather than the Reformers and preferred using the more traditional 1549 prayer book. Was the Elizabethan settlement successful? He believed that as punishment by God for this communion, God was refusing him a male heir, and this influenced his decisions to divorce and remarry. [27], Another bill introduced to the same Parliament with the intent to return Protestant practices to legal dominance was the Uniformity bill, which sought to restore the 1552 prayer book as the official liturgy. EV-Elizabeth had followed her own conscience in establishing a Protestant church of England but she has made a compromise with Catholics as she needed the support of Catholic political classes to help her run the country. Which of the two mentioned historians do you agree with? Mary died in 1558, and England again faced upheaval in the name of religion. [42], To enforce her religious policies, Queen Elizabeth needed bishops willing to cooperate. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan.

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